#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
MCP (Model Context Protocol) Client Support

Connects to external MCP servers via stdio, HTTP/StreamableHTTP, or SSE
transport, discovers their tools, and registers them into the hermes-agent
tool registry so the agent can call them like any built-in tool.

Configuration is read from ~/.hermes/config.yaml under the ``mcp_servers`` key.
The ``mcp`` Python package is optional -- if not installed, this module is a
no-op and logs a debug message.

Example config::

    mcp_servers:
      filesystem:
        command: "npx"
        args: ["-y", "@modelcontextprotocol/server-filesystem", "/tmp"]
        env: {}
        timeout: 120         # per-tool-call timeout in seconds (default: 120)
        connect_timeout: 60  # initial connection timeout (default: 60)
      github:
        command: "npx"
        args: ["-y", "@modelcontextprotocol/server-github"]
        env:
          GITHUB_PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN: "ghp_..."
      remote_api:
        url: "https://my-mcp-server.example.com/mcp"
        headers:
          Authorization: "Bearer sk-..."
        timeout: 180
      searxng:
        url: "http://localhost:8000/sse"
        transport: sse       # use SSE transport instead of Streamable HTTP
        timeout: 180
        connect_timeout: 10
        command: "npx"
        args: ["-y", "analysis-server"]
        sampling:                    # server-initiated LLM requests
          enabled: true              # default: true
          model: "gemini-3-flash"    # override model (optional)
          max_tokens_cap: 4096       # max tokens per request
          timeout: 30                # LLM call timeout (seconds)
          max_rpm: 10                # max requests per minute
          allowed_models: []         # model whitelist (empty = all)
          max_tool_rounds: 5         # tool loop limit (0 = disable)
          log_level: "info"          # audit verbosity

Features:
    - Stdio transport (command + args) and HTTP/StreamableHTTP transport (url)
    - SSE transport (transport: sse) for MCP servers using the SSE protocol
    - Automatic reconnection with exponential backoff (up to 5 retries)
    - Environment variable filtering for stdio subprocesses (security)
    - Credential stripping in error messages returned to the LLM
    - Configurable per-server timeouts for tool calls and connections
    - Thread-safe architecture with dedicated background event loop
    - Sampling support: MCP servers can request LLM completions via
      sampling/createMessage (text and tool-use responses)

Architecture:
    A dedicated background event loop (_mcp_loop) runs in a daemon thread.
    Each MCP server runs as a long-lived asyncio Task on this loop, keeping
    its transport context alive. Tool call coroutines are scheduled onto the
    loop via ``run_coroutine_threadsafe()``.

    On shutdown, each server Task is signalled to exit its ``async with``
    block, ensuring the anyio cancel-scope cleanup happens in the *same*
    Task that opened the connection (required by anyio).

Thread safety:
    _servers and _mcp_loop/_mcp_thread are accessed from both the MCP
    background thread and caller threads.  All mutations are protected by
    _lock so the code is safe regardless of GIL presence (e.g. Python 3.13+
    free-threading).
"""

import asyncio
import concurrent.futures
import inspect
import json
import logging
import math
import os
import re
import shutil
import sys
import threading
import time
from datetime import datetime
from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Stdio subprocess stderr redirection
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# The MCP SDK's ``stdio_client(server, errlog=sys.stderr)`` defaults the
# subprocess stderr stream to the parent process's real stderr, i.e. the
# user's TTY.  That means any MCP server we spawn at startup (FastMCP
# banners, slack-mcp-server JSON startup logs, etc.) writes directly onto
# the terminal while prompt_toolkit / Rich is rendering the TUI — which
# corrupts the display and can hang the session.
#
# Instead we redirect every stdio MCP subprocess's stderr into a shared
# per-profile log file (~/.hermes/logs/mcp-stderr.log), tagged with the
# server name so individual servers remain debuggable.
#
# Fallback is os.devnull if opening the log file fails for any reason.

_mcp_stderr_log_fh: Optional[Any] = None
_mcp_stderr_log_lock = threading.Lock()


def _get_mcp_stderr_log() -> Any:
    """Return a shared append-mode file handle for MCP subprocess stderr.

    Opened once per process and reused for every stdio server.  Must have a
    real OS-level file descriptor (``fileno()``) because asyncio's subprocess
    machinery wires the child's stderr directly to that fd.  Falls back to
    ``/dev/null`` if opening the log file fails.
    """
    global _mcp_stderr_log_fh
    with _mcp_stderr_log_lock:
        if _mcp_stderr_log_fh is not None:
            return _mcp_stderr_log_fh
        try:
            from hermes_constants import get_hermes_home
            log_dir = get_hermes_home() / "logs"
            log_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
            log_path = log_dir / "mcp-stderr.log"
            # Line-buffered so server output lands on disk promptly; errors=
            # "replace" tolerates garbled binary output from misbehaving
            # servers.
            fh = open(log_path, "a", encoding="utf-8", errors="replace", buffering=1)
            # Sanity-check: confirm a real fd is available before we commit.
            fh.fileno()
            _mcp_stderr_log_fh = fh
        except Exception as exc:  # pragma: no cover — best-effort fallback
            logger.debug("Failed to open MCP stderr log, using devnull: %s", exc)
            try:
                _mcp_stderr_log_fh = open(os.devnull, "w", encoding="utf-8")
            except Exception:
                # Last resort: the real stderr.  Not ideal for TUI users but
                # it matches pre-fix behavior.
                _mcp_stderr_log_fh = sys.stderr
        return _mcp_stderr_log_fh


def _write_stderr_log_header(server_name: str) -> None:
    """Write a human-readable session marker before launching a server.

    Gives operators a way to find each server's output in the shared
    ``mcp-stderr.log`` file without needing per-line prefixes (which would
    require a pipe + reader thread and complicate shutdown).
    """
    fh = _get_mcp_stderr_log()
    try:
        ts = datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
        fh.write(f"\n===== [{ts}] starting MCP server '{server_name}' =====\n")
        fh.flush()
    except Exception:
        pass

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Graceful import -- MCP SDK is an optional dependency
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

_MCP_AVAILABLE = False
_MCP_HTTP_AVAILABLE = False
_MCP_SAMPLING_TYPES = False
_MCP_NOTIFICATION_TYPES = False
_MCP_MESSAGE_HANDLER_SUPPORTED = False
# Conservative fallback for SDK builds that don't export LATEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION.
# Streamable HTTP was introduced by 2025-03-26, so this remains valid for the
# HTTP transport path even on older-but-supported SDK versions.
LATEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION = "2025-03-26"
try:
    from mcp import ClientSession, StdioServerParameters
    from mcp.client.stdio import stdio_client
    _MCP_AVAILABLE = True
    try:
        from mcp.client.streamable_http import streamablehttp_client
        _MCP_HTTP_AVAILABLE = True
    except ImportError:
        _MCP_HTTP_AVAILABLE = False
    # Prefer the non-deprecated API (mcp >= 1.24.0); fall back to the
    # deprecated wrapper for older SDK versions.
    try:
        from mcp.client.streamable_http import streamable_http_client
        _MCP_NEW_HTTP = True
    except ImportError:
        _MCP_NEW_HTTP = False
    try:
        from mcp.types import LATEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION
    except ImportError:
        logger.debug("mcp.types.LATEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION not available -- using fallback protocol version")
    # SSE transport client (for MCP servers using SSE transport instead of Streamable HTTP)
    try:
        from mcp.client.sse import sse_client
    except ImportError:
        sse_client = None
        logger.debug("mcp.client.sse.sse_client not available -- SSE transport disabled")
    # Sampling types -- separated so older SDK versions don't break MCP support
    try:
        from mcp.types import (
            CreateMessageResult,
            CreateMessageResultWithTools,
            ErrorData,
            SamplingCapability,
            SamplingToolsCapability,
            TextContent,
            ToolUseContent,
        )
        _MCP_SAMPLING_TYPES = True
    except ImportError:
        logger.debug("MCP sampling types not available -- sampling disabled")
    # Notification types for dynamic tool discovery (tools/list_changed)
    try:
        from mcp.types import (
            ServerNotification,
            ToolListChangedNotification,
            PromptListChangedNotification,
            ResourceListChangedNotification,
        )
        _MCP_NOTIFICATION_TYPES = True
    except ImportError:
        logger.debug("MCP notification types not available -- dynamic tool discovery disabled")
except ImportError:
    logger.debug("mcp package not installed -- MCP tool support disabled")


def _check_message_handler_support() -> bool:
    """Check if ClientSession accepts ``message_handler`` kwarg.

    Inspects the constructor signature for backward compatibility with older
    MCP SDK versions that don't support notification handlers.
    """
    if not _MCP_AVAILABLE:
        return False
    try:
        return "message_handler" in inspect.signature(ClientSession).parameters
    except (TypeError, ValueError):
        return False


_MCP_MESSAGE_HANDLER_SUPPORTED = _check_message_handler_support()
if _MCP_AVAILABLE and not _MCP_MESSAGE_HANDLER_SUPPORTED:
    logger.debug("MCP SDK does not support message_handler -- dynamic tool discovery disabled")

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Constants
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

_DEFAULT_TOOL_TIMEOUT = 120      # seconds for tool calls
_DEFAULT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT = 60    # seconds for initial connection per server
_MAX_RECONNECT_RETRIES = 5
_MAX_INITIAL_CONNECT_RETRIES = 3 # retries for the very first connection attempt
_MAX_BACKOFF_SECONDS = 60

# Environment variables that are safe to pass to stdio subprocesses
_SAFE_ENV_KEYS = frozenset({
    "PATH", "HOME", "USER", "LANG", "LC_ALL", "TERM", "SHELL", "TMPDIR",
})

# Regex for credential patterns to strip from error messages
_CREDENTIAL_PATTERN = re.compile(
    r"(?:"
    r"ghp_[A-Za-z0-9_]{1,255}"           # GitHub PAT
    r"|sk-[A-Za-z0-9_]{1,255}"           # OpenAI-style key
    r"|Bearer\s+\S+"                      # Bearer token
    r"|token=[^\s&,;\"']{1,255}"         # token=...
    r"|key=[^\s&,;\"']{1,255}"           # key=...
    r"|API_KEY=[^\s&,;\"']{1,255}"       # API_KEY=...
    r"|password=[^\s&,;\"']{1,255}"      # password=...
    r"|secret=[^\s&,;\"']{1,255}"        # secret=...
    r")",
    re.IGNORECASE,
)


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Security helpers
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

def _build_safe_env(user_env: Optional[dict]) -> dict:
    """Build a filtered environment dict for stdio subprocesses.

    Only passes through safe baseline variables (PATH, HOME, etc.) and XDG_*
    variables from the current process environment, plus any variables
    explicitly specified by the user in the server config.

    This prevents accidentally leaking secrets like API keys, tokens, or
    credentials to MCP server subprocesses.
    """
    env = {}
    for key, value in os.environ.items():
        if key in _SAFE_ENV_KEYS or key.startswith("XDG_"):
            env[key] = value
    if user_env:
        env.update(user_env)
    return env


def _sanitize_error(text: str) -> str:
    """Strip credential-like patterns from error text before returning to LLM.

    Replaces tokens, keys, and other secrets with [REDACTED] to prevent
    accidental credential exposure in tool error responses.
    """
    return _CREDENTIAL_PATTERN.sub("[REDACTED]", text)


def _exc_str(exc: BaseException) -> str:
    """Return a non-empty human-readable string for *exc*.

    Some exception classes (e.g. ``anyio.ClosedResourceError``) are raised
    without a message argument, so ``str(exc)`` is ``""``.  This helper
    falls back to ``repr(exc)`` so that error messages shown to the user
    and logged to disk always carry *some* diagnostic information.
    """
    text = str(exc).strip()
    return text if text else repr(exc)


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# MCP tool description content scanning
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Patterns that indicate potential prompt injection in MCP tool descriptions.
# These are WARNING-level — we log but don't block, since false positives
# would break legitimate MCP servers.
_MCP_INJECTION_PATTERNS = [
    (re.compile(r"ignore\s+(all\s+)?previous\s+instructions", re.I),
     "prompt override attempt ('ignore previous instructions')"),
    (re.compile(r"you\s+are\s+now\s+a", re.I),
     "identity override attempt ('you are now a...')"),
    (re.compile(r"your\s+new\s+(task|role|instructions?)\s+(is|are)", re.I),
     "task override attempt"),
    (re.compile(r"system\s*:\s*", re.I),
     "system prompt injection attempt"),
    (re.compile(r"<\s*(system|human|assistant)\s*>", re.I),
     "role tag injection attempt"),
    (re.compile(r"do\s+not\s+(tell|inform|mention|reveal)", re.I),
     "concealment instruction"),
    (re.compile(r"(curl|wget|fetch)\s+https?://", re.I),
     "network command in description"),
    (re.compile(r"base64\.(b64decode|decodebytes)", re.I),
     "base64 decode reference"),
    (re.compile(r"exec\s*\(|eval\s*\(", re.I),
     "code execution reference"),
    (re.compile(r"import\s+(subprocess|os|shutil|socket)", re.I),
     "dangerous import reference"),
]


def _scan_mcp_description(server_name: str, tool_name: str, description: str) -> List[str]:
    """Scan an MCP tool description for prompt injection patterns.

    Returns a list of finding strings (empty = clean).
    """
    findings = []
    if not description:
        return findings
    for pattern, reason in _MCP_INJECTION_PATTERNS:
        if pattern.search(description):
            findings.append(reason)
    if findings:
        logger.warning(
            "MCP server '%s' tool '%s': suspicious description content — %s. "
            "Description: %.200s",
            server_name, tool_name, "; ".join(findings),
            description,
        )
    return findings


def _prepend_path(env: dict, directory: str) -> dict:
    """Prepend *directory* to env PATH if it is not already present."""
    updated = dict(env or {})
    if not directory:
        return updated

    existing = updated.get("PATH", "")
    parts = [part for part in existing.split(os.pathsep) if part]
    if directory not in parts:
        parts = [directory, *parts]
    updated["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(parts) if parts else directory
    return updated


def _resolve_stdio_command(command: str, env: dict) -> tuple[str, dict]:
    """Resolve a stdio MCP command against the exact subprocess environment.

    This primarily exists to make bare ``npx``/``npm``/``node`` commands work
    reliably even when MCP subprocesses run under a filtered PATH.
    """
    resolved_command = os.path.expanduser(str(command).strip())
    resolved_env = dict(env or {})

    if os.sep not in resolved_command:
        path_arg = resolved_env["PATH"] if "PATH" in resolved_env else None
        which_hit = shutil.which(resolved_command, path=path_arg)
        if which_hit:
            resolved_command = which_hit
        elif resolved_command in {"npx", "npm", "node"}:
            hermes_home = os.path.expanduser(
                os.getenv(
                    "HERMES_HOME", os.path.join(os.path.expanduser("~"), ".hermes")
                )
            )
            candidates = [
                os.path.join(hermes_home, "node", "bin", resolved_command),
                os.path.join(os.path.expanduser("~"), ".local", "bin", resolved_command),
            ]
            for candidate in candidates:
                if os.path.isfile(candidate) and os.access(candidate, os.X_OK):
                    resolved_command = candidate
                    break

    command_dir = os.path.dirname(resolved_command)
    if command_dir:
        resolved_env = _prepend_path(resolved_env, command_dir)

    return resolved_command, resolved_env


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# MCP ImageContent block → Hermes MEDIA tag
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------


def _mcp_image_extension_for_mime_type(mime_type: str) -> str:
    """Return a reasonable file extension for an MCP image MIME type."""
    import mimetypes
    normalized = (mime_type or "").split(";", 1)[0].strip().lower()
    if normalized in {"image/jpeg", "image/jpg"}:
        return ".jpg"
    return mimetypes.guess_extension(normalized) or ".png"


def _cache_mcp_image_block(block) -> str:
    """Cache an MCP ``ImageContent`` block to the shared image cache and
    return a ``MEDIA:<path>`` tag that Hermes gateways know how to render.

    Returns an empty string when *block* is not an image, when the base64
    payload is malformed, or when the cache helper rejects the bytes (e.g.
    non-image MIME masquerading as an image). Errors are logged, not raised:
    a single bad block shouldn't kill the tool result, and the caller will
    fall through to any text blocks that did parse.
    """
    import base64

    data = getattr(block, "data", None)
    mime_type = getattr(block, "mimeType", None)
    normalized_mime = str(mime_type or "").split(";", 1)[0].strip().lower()
    if data is None or not normalized_mime.startswith("image/"):
        return ""

    try:
        raw_bytes = base64.b64decode(data)
    except (TypeError, ValueError) as exc:
        logger.warning("MCP image block decode failed (%s): %s", normalized_mime, exc)
        return ""

    try:
        from gateway.platforms.base import cache_image_from_bytes

        image_path = cache_image_from_bytes(
            raw_bytes,
            ext=_mcp_image_extension_for_mime_type(normalized_mime),
        )
    except ImportError:
        # gateway.platforms.base not importable in this process (e.g. cron
        # without gateway deps). Fall back to silently dropping — callers
        # get any text blocks that did parse.
        logger.debug("MCP image caching skipped — gateway.platforms.base unavailable")
        return ""
    except Exception as exc:
        logger.warning("MCP image block cache failed: %s", exc)
        return ""

    return f"MEDIA:{image_path}"


def _format_connect_error(exc: BaseException) -> str:
    """Render nested MCP connection errors into an actionable short message."""

    def _find_missing(current: BaseException) -> Optional[str]:
        nested = getattr(current, "exceptions", None)
        if nested:
            for child in nested:
                missing = _find_missing(child)
                if missing:
                    return missing
            return None
        if isinstance(current, FileNotFoundError):
            if getattr(current, "filename", None):
                return str(current.filename)
            match = re.search(r"No such file or directory: '([^']+)'", str(current))
            if match:
                return match.group(1)
        for attr in ("__cause__", "__context__"):
            nested_exc = getattr(current, attr, None)
            if isinstance(nested_exc, BaseException):
                missing = _find_missing(nested_exc)
                if missing:
                    return missing
        return None

    def _flatten_messages(current: BaseException) -> List[str]:
        nested = getattr(current, "exceptions", None)
        if nested:
            flattened: List[str] = []
            for child in nested:
                flattened.extend(_flatten_messages(child))
            return flattened
        messages = []
        text = str(current).strip()
        if text:
            messages.append(text)
        for attr in ("__cause__", "__context__"):
            nested_exc = getattr(current, attr, None)
            if isinstance(nested_exc, BaseException):
                messages.extend(_flatten_messages(nested_exc))
        return messages or [current.__class__.__name__]

    missing = _find_missing(exc)
    if missing:
        message = f"missing executable '{missing}'"
        if os.path.basename(missing) in {"npx", "npm", "node"}:
            message += (
                " (ensure Node.js is installed and PATH includes its bin directory, "
                "or set mcp_servers.<name>.command to an absolute path and include "
                "that directory in mcp_servers.<name>.env.PATH)"
            )
        return _sanitize_error(message)

    deduped: List[str] = []
    for item in _flatten_messages(exc):
        if item not in deduped:
            deduped.append(item)
    return _sanitize_error("; ".join(deduped[:3]))


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Sampling -- server-initiated LLM requests (MCP sampling/createMessage)
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

def _safe_numeric(value, default, coerce=int, minimum=1):
    """Coerce a config value to a numeric type, returning *default* on failure.

    Handles string values from YAML (e.g. ``"10"`` instead of ``10``),
    non-finite floats, and values below *minimum*.
    """
    try:
        result = coerce(value)
        if isinstance(result, float) and not math.isfinite(result):
            return default
        return max(result, minimum)
    except (TypeError, ValueError, OverflowError):
        return default


class SamplingHandler:
    """Handles sampling/createMessage requests for a single MCP server.

    Each MCPServerTask that has sampling enabled creates one SamplingHandler.
    The handler is callable and passed directly to ``ClientSession`` as
    the ``sampling_callback``.  All state (rate-limit timestamps, metrics,
    tool-loop counters) lives on the instance -- no module-level globals.

    The callback is async and runs on the MCP background event loop.  The
    sync LLM call is offloaded to a thread via ``asyncio.to_thread()`` so
    it doesn't block the event loop.
    """

    _STOP_REASON_MAP = {"stop": "endTurn", "length": "maxTokens", "tool_calls": "toolUse"}

    def __init__(self, server_name: str, config: dict):
        self.server_name = server_name
        self.max_rpm = _safe_numeric(config.get("max_rpm", 10), 10, int)
        self.timeout = _safe_numeric(config.get("timeout", 30), 30, float)
        self.max_tokens_cap = _safe_numeric(config.get("max_tokens_cap", 4096), 4096, int)
        self.max_tool_rounds = _safe_numeric(
            config.get("max_tool_rounds", 5), 5, int, minimum=0,
        )
        self.model_override = config.get("model")
        self.allowed_models = config.get("allowed_models", [])

        _log_levels = {"debug": logging.DEBUG, "info": logging.INFO, "warning": logging.WARNING}
        self.audit_level = _log_levels.get(
            str(config.get("log_level", "info")).lower(), logging.INFO,
        )

        # Per-instance state
        self._rate_timestamps: List[float] = []
        self._tool_loop_count = 0
        self.metrics = {"requests": 0, "errors": 0, "tokens_used": 0, "tool_use_count": 0}

    # -- Rate limiting -------------------------------------------------------

    def _check_rate_limit(self) -> bool:
        """Sliding-window rate limiter.  Returns True if request is allowed."""
        now = time.time()
        window = now - 60
        self._rate_timestamps[:] = [t for t in self._rate_timestamps if t > window]
        if len(self._rate_timestamps) >= self.max_rpm:
            return False
        self._rate_timestamps.append(now)
        return True

    # -- Model resolution ----------------------------------------------------

    def _resolve_model(self, preferences) -> Optional[str]:
        """Config override > server hint > None (use default)."""
        if self.model_override:
            return self.model_override
        if preferences and hasattr(preferences, "hints") and preferences.hints:
            for hint in preferences.hints:
                if hasattr(hint, "name") and hint.name:
                    return hint.name
        return None

    # -- Message conversion --------------------------------------------------

    @staticmethod
    def _extract_tool_result_text(block) -> str:
        """Extract text from a ToolResultContent block."""
        if not hasattr(block, "content") or block.content is None:
            return ""
        items = block.content if isinstance(block.content, list) else [block.content]
        return "\n".join(item.text for item in items if hasattr(item, "text"))

    def _convert_messages(self, params) -> List[dict]:
        """Convert MCP SamplingMessages to OpenAI format.

        Uses ``msg.content_as_list`` (SDK helper) so single-block and
        list-of-blocks are handled uniformly.  Dispatches per block type
        with ``isinstance`` on real SDK types when available, falling back
        to duck-typing via ``hasattr`` for compatibility.
        """
        messages: List[dict] = []
        for msg in params.messages:
            blocks = msg.content_as_list if hasattr(msg, "content_as_list") else (
                msg.content if isinstance(msg.content, list) else [msg.content]
            )

            # Separate blocks by kind
            tool_results = [b for b in blocks if hasattr(b, "toolUseId")]
            tool_uses = [b for b in blocks if hasattr(b, "name") and hasattr(b, "input") and not hasattr(b, "toolUseId")]
            content_blocks = [b for b in blocks if not hasattr(b, "toolUseId") and not (hasattr(b, "name") and hasattr(b, "input"))]

            # Emit tool result messages (role: tool)
            for tr in tool_results:
                messages.append({
                    "role": "tool",
                    "tool_call_id": tr.toolUseId,
                    "content": self._extract_tool_result_text(tr),
                })

            # Emit assistant tool_calls message
            if tool_uses:
                tc_list = []
                for tu in tool_uses:
                    tc_list.append({
                        "id": getattr(tu, "id", f"call_{len(tc_list)}"),
                        "type": "function",
                        "function": {
                            "name": tu.name,
                            "arguments": json.dumps(tu.input, ensure_ascii=False) if isinstance(tu.input, dict) else str(tu.input),
                        },
                    })
                msg_dict: dict = {"role": msg.role, "tool_calls": tc_list}
                # Include any accompanying text
                text_parts = [b.text for b in content_blocks if hasattr(b, "text")]
                if text_parts:
                    msg_dict["content"] = "\n".join(text_parts)
                messages.append(msg_dict)
            elif content_blocks:
                # Pure text/image content
                if len(content_blocks) == 1 and hasattr(content_blocks[0], "text"):
                    messages.append({"role": msg.role, "content": content_blocks[0].text})
                else:
                    parts = []
                    for block in content_blocks:
                        if hasattr(block, "text"):
                            parts.append({"type": "text", "text": block.text})
                        elif hasattr(block, "data") and hasattr(block, "mimeType"):
                            parts.append({
                                "type": "image_url",
                                "image_url": {"url": f"data:{block.mimeType};base64,{block.data}"},
                            })
                        else:
                            logger.warning(
                                "Unsupported sampling content block type: %s (skipped)",
                                type(block).__name__,
                            )
                    if parts:
                        messages.append({"role": msg.role, "content": parts})

        return messages

    # -- Error helper --------------------------------------------------------

    @staticmethod
    def _error(message: str, code: int = -1):
        """Return ErrorData (MCP spec) or raise as fallback."""
        if _MCP_SAMPLING_TYPES:
            return ErrorData(code=code, message=message)
        raise Exception(message)

    # -- Response building ---------------------------------------------------

    def _build_tool_use_result(self, choice, response):
        """Build a CreateMessageResultWithTools from an LLM tool_calls response."""
        self.metrics["tool_use_count"] += 1

        # Tool loop governance
        if self.max_tool_rounds == 0:
            self._tool_loop_count = 0
            return self._error(
                f"Tool loops disabled for server '{self.server_name}' (max_tool_rounds=0)"
            )

        self._tool_loop_count += 1
        if self._tool_loop_count > self.max_tool_rounds:
            self._tool_loop_count = 0
            return self._error(
                f"Tool loop limit exceeded for server '{self.server_name}' "
                f"(max {self.max_tool_rounds} rounds)"
            )

        content_blocks = []
        for tc in choice.message.tool_calls:
            args = tc.function.arguments
            if isinstance(args, str):
                try:
                    parsed = json.loads(args)
                except (json.JSONDecodeError, ValueError):
                    logger.warning(
                        "MCP server '%s': malformed tool_calls arguments "
                        "from LLM (wrapping as raw): %.100s",
                        self.server_name, args,
                    )
                    parsed = {"_raw": args}
            else:
                parsed = args if isinstance(args, dict) else {"_raw": str(args)}

            content_blocks.append(ToolUseContent(
                type="tool_use",
                id=tc.id,
                name=tc.function.name,
                input=parsed,
            ))

        logger.log(
            self.audit_level,
            "MCP server '%s' sampling response: model=%s, tokens=%s, tool_calls=%d",
            self.server_name, response.model,
            getattr(getattr(response, "usage", None), "total_tokens", "?"),
            len(content_blocks),
        )

        return CreateMessageResultWithTools(
            role="assistant",
            content=content_blocks,
            model=response.model,
            stopReason="toolUse",
        )

    def _build_text_result(self, choice, response):
        """Build a CreateMessageResult from a normal text response."""
        self._tool_loop_count = 0  # reset on text response
        response_text = choice.message.content or ""

        logger.log(
            self.audit_level,
            "MCP server '%s' sampling response: model=%s, tokens=%s",
            self.server_name, response.model,
            getattr(getattr(response, "usage", None), "total_tokens", "?"),
        )

        return CreateMessageResult(
            role="assistant",
            content=TextContent(type="text", text=_sanitize_error(response_text)),
            model=response.model,
            stopReason=self._STOP_REASON_MAP.get(choice.finish_reason, "endTurn"),
        )

    # -- Session kwargs helper -----------------------------------------------

    def session_kwargs(self) -> dict:
        """Return kwargs to pass to ClientSession for sampling support."""
        return {
            "sampling_callback": self,
            "sampling_capabilities": SamplingCapability(
                tools=SamplingToolsCapability(),
            ),
        }

    # -- Main callback -------------------------------------------------------

    async def __call__(self, context, params):
        """Sampling callback invoked by the MCP SDK.

        Conforms to ``SamplingFnT`` protocol.  Returns
        ``CreateMessageResult``, ``CreateMessageResultWithTools``, or
        ``ErrorData``.
        """
        # Rate limit
        if not self._check_rate_limit():
            logger.warning(
                "MCP server '%s' sampling rate limit exceeded (%d/min)",
                self.server_name, self.max_rpm,
            )
            self.metrics["errors"] += 1
            return self._error(
                f"Sampling rate limit exceeded for server '{self.server_name}' "
                f"({self.max_rpm} requests/minute)"
            )

        # Resolve model
        model = self._resolve_model(getattr(params, "modelPreferences", None))

        # Get auxiliary LLM client via centralized router
        from agent.auxiliary_client import call_llm

        # Model whitelist check (we need to resolve model before calling)
        resolved_model = model or self.model_override or ""

        if self.allowed_models and resolved_model and resolved_model not in self.allowed_models:
            logger.warning(
                "MCP server '%s' requested model '%s' not in allowed_models",
                self.server_name, resolved_model,
            )
            self.metrics["errors"] += 1
            return self._error(
                f"Model '{resolved_model}' not allowed for server "
                f"'{self.server_name}'. Allowed: {', '.join(self.allowed_models)}"
            )

        # Convert messages
        messages = self._convert_messages(params)
        if hasattr(params, "systemPrompt") and params.systemPrompt:
            messages.insert(0, {"role": "system", "content": params.systemPrompt})

        # Build LLM call kwargs
        max_tokens = min(params.maxTokens, self.max_tokens_cap)
        call_temperature = None
        if hasattr(params, "temperature") and params.temperature is not None:
            call_temperature = params.temperature

        # Forward server-provided tools
        call_tools = None
        server_tools = getattr(params, "tools", None)
        if server_tools:
            call_tools = [
                {
                    "type": "function",
                    "function": {
                        "name": getattr(t, "name", ""),
                        "description": getattr(t, "description", "") or "",
                        "parameters": _normalize_mcp_input_schema(
                            getattr(t, "inputSchema", None)
                        ),
                    },
                }
                for t in server_tools
            ]

        logger.log(
            self.audit_level,
            "MCP server '%s' sampling request: model=%s, max_tokens=%d, messages=%d",
            self.server_name, resolved_model, max_tokens, len(messages),
        )

        # Offload sync LLM call to thread (non-blocking)
        def _sync_call():
            return call_llm(
                task="mcp",
                model=resolved_model or None,
                messages=messages,
                temperature=call_temperature,
                max_tokens=max_tokens,
                tools=call_tools,
                timeout=self.timeout,
            )

        try:
            response = await asyncio.wait_for(
                asyncio.to_thread(_sync_call), timeout=self.timeout,
            )
        except asyncio.TimeoutError:
            self.metrics["errors"] += 1
            return self._error(
                f"Sampling LLM call timed out after {self.timeout}s "
                f"for server '{self.server_name}'"
            )
        except Exception as exc:
            self.metrics["errors"] += 1
            return self._error(
                f"Sampling LLM call failed: {_sanitize_error(_exc_str(exc))}"
            )

        # Guard against empty choices (content filtering, provider errors)
        if not getattr(response, "choices", None):
            self.metrics["errors"] += 1
            return self._error(
                f"LLM returned empty response (no choices) for server "
                f"'{self.server_name}'"
            )

        # Track metrics
        choice = response.choices[0]
        self.metrics["requests"] += 1
        total_tokens = getattr(getattr(response, "usage", None), "total_tokens", 0)
        if isinstance(total_tokens, int):
            self.metrics["tokens_used"] += total_tokens

        # Dispatch based on response type
        if (
            choice.finish_reason == "tool_calls"
            and hasattr(choice.message, "tool_calls")
            and choice.message.tool_calls
        ):
            return self._build_tool_use_result(choice, response)

        return self._build_text_result(choice, response)


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Server task -- each MCP server lives in one long-lived asyncio Task
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

class MCPServerTask:
    """Manages a single MCP server connection in a dedicated asyncio Task.

    The entire connection lifecycle (connect, discover, serve, disconnect)
    runs inside one asyncio Task so that anyio cancel-scopes created by
    the transport client are entered and exited in the same Task context.

    Supports both stdio and HTTP/StreamableHTTP transports.
    """

    __slots__ = (
        "name", "session", "tool_timeout",
        "_task", "_ready", "_shutdown_event", "_reconnect_event",
        "_tools", "_error", "_config",
        "_sampling", "_registered_tool_names", "_auth_type", "_refresh_lock",
        "_rpc_lock", "_pending_refresh_tasks",
        "initialize_result",
    )

    def __init__(self, name: str):
        self.name = name
        self.session: Optional[Any] = None
        self.tool_timeout: float = _DEFAULT_TOOL_TIMEOUT
        self._task: Optional[asyncio.Task] = None
        self._ready = asyncio.Event()
        self._shutdown_event = asyncio.Event()
        # Set by tool handlers on auth failure after manager.handle_401()
        # confirms recovery is viable. When set, _run_http / _run_stdio
        # exit their async-with blocks cleanly (no exception), and the
        # outer run() loop re-enters the transport so the MCP session is
        # rebuilt with fresh credentials.
        self._reconnect_event = asyncio.Event()
        self._tools: list = []
        self._error: Optional[Exception] = None
        self._config: dict = {}
        self._sampling: Optional[SamplingHandler] = None
        self._registered_tool_names: list[str] = []
        self._auth_type: str = ""
        self._refresh_lock = asyncio.Lock()
        # MCP stdio sessions are a single JSON-RPC stream. Some servers emit
        # list_changed notifications during startup; if the notification
        # handler calls list_tools while a normal tool call is in flight, the
        # stream can wedge and the user-visible tool call times out. Serialize
        # client-initiated RPCs per server. The lock is also applied to HTTP
        # transports for conservative per-server ordering.
        self._rpc_lock = asyncio.Lock()
        self._pending_refresh_tasks: set[asyncio.Task] = set()
        # Captures the ``InitializeResult`` returned by
        # ``await session.initialize()`` so downstream code can inspect the
        # server's real advertised capabilities (``.capabilities.resources``,
        # ``.capabilities.prompts``) instead of assuming every ``ClientSession``
        # method attribute corresponds to a supported server method. See #18051.
        self.initialize_result: Optional[Any] = None

    def _is_http(self) -> bool:
        """Check if this server uses HTTP transport."""
        return "url" in self._config

    # ----- Dynamic tool discovery (notifications/tools/list_changed) -----

    async def _refresh_tools_task(self):
        """Run a dynamic tool refresh and log failures from background tasks."""
        try:
            await self._refresh_tools()
        except asyncio.CancelledError:
            raise
        except Exception:
            logger.exception("MCP server '%s': dynamic tool refresh failed", self.name)

    def _schedule_tools_refresh(self) -> asyncio.Task:
        """Schedule a background tool refresh and keep it strongly referenced."""
        task = asyncio.create_task(self._refresh_tools_task())
        self._pending_refresh_tasks.add(task)
        task.add_done_callback(self._pending_refresh_tasks.discard)
        return task

    def _make_message_handler(self):
        """Build a ``message_handler`` callback for ``ClientSession``.

        Dispatches on notification type.  Only ``ToolListChangedNotification``
        triggers a refresh; prompt and resource change notifications are
        logged as stubs for future work.
        """
        async def _handler(message):
            try:
                if isinstance(message, Exception):
                    logger.debug("MCP message handler (%s): exception: %s", self.name, message)
                    return
                if _MCP_NOTIFICATION_TYPES and isinstance(message, ServerNotification):
                    match message.root:
                        case ToolListChangedNotification():
                            logger.info(
                                "MCP server '%s': received tools/list_changed notification",
                                self.name,
                            )
                            # Some servers (notably mongodb-mcp-server) emit
                            # tools/list_changed immediately after initialize,
                            # while the client may already be executing another
                            # request. Refreshing synchronously inside the SDK
                            # notification handler can race with that request
                            # and wedge the stdio JSON-RPC stream, making all
                            # subsequent tool calls time out. Do the refresh in
                            # a separate task and let the handler return
                            # promptly.
                            self._schedule_tools_refresh()
                            # Yield one loop tick so tests and short-lived
                            # notification contexts can observe the scheduled
                            # refresh without awaiting the full server RPC.
                            await asyncio.sleep(0)
                        case PromptListChangedNotification():
                            logger.debug("MCP server '%s': prompts/list_changed (ignored)", self.name)
                        case ResourceListChangedNotification():
                            logger.debug("MCP server '%s': resources/list_changed (ignored)", self.name)
                        case _:
                            pass
            except Exception:
                logger.exception("Error in MCP message handler for '%s'", self.name)
        return _handler

    async def _refresh_tools(self):
        """Re-fetch tools from the server and update the registry.

        Called when the server sends ``notifications/tools/list_changed``.
        The lock prevents overlapping refreshes from rapid-fire notifications.
        After the initial ``await`` (list_tools), all mutations are synchronous
        — atomic from the event loop's perspective.
        """
        from tools.registry import registry

        async with self._refresh_lock:
            # Capture old tool names for change diff
            old_tool_names = set(self._registered_tool_names)

            # 1. Fetch current tool list from server
            async with self._rpc_lock:
                tools_result = await self.session.list_tools()
            new_mcp_tools = tools_result.tools if hasattr(tools_result, "tools") else []

            # 2. Re-register with fresh tool list. Avoid nuke-and-repave for
            # all names: live agent turns may already have tool-call IDs
            # pointing at existing handler functions. Replacing entries
            # in-place is enough for unchanged names and avoids transient
            # "tool not connected" / stale-handler races during startup
            # notifications. Tools absent from the fresh list are no longer
            # callable, so remove only those stale registry entries first.
            stale_tool_names = old_tool_names - {
                f"mcp_{sanitize_mcp_name_component(self.name)}_"
                f"{sanitize_mcp_name_component(tool.name)}"
                for tool in new_mcp_tools
            }
            for tool_name in stale_tool_names:
                registry.deregister(tool_name)

            # 3. Re-register with fresh tool list
            self._tools = new_mcp_tools
            self._registered_tool_names = _register_server_tools(
                self.name, self, self._config
            )

            # 5. Log what changed (user-visible notification)
            new_tool_names = set(self._registered_tool_names)
            added = new_tool_names - old_tool_names
            removed = old_tool_names - new_tool_names
            changes = []
            if added:
                changes.append(f"added: {', '.join(sorted(added))}")
            if removed:
                changes.append(f"removed: {', '.join(sorted(removed))}")
            if changes:
                logger.warning(
                    "MCP server '%s': tools changed dynamically — %s. "
                    "Verify these changes are expected.",
                    self.name, "; ".join(changes),
                )
            else:
                logger.info(
                    "MCP server '%s': dynamically refreshed %d tool(s) (no changes)",
                    self.name, len(self._registered_tool_names),
                )

    async def _wait_for_lifecycle_event(self) -> str:
        """Block until either _shutdown_event or _reconnect_event fires.

        Returns:
            "shutdown"  if the server should exit the run loop entirely.
            "reconnect" if the server should tear down the current MCP
                        session and re-enter the transport (fresh OAuth
                        tokens, new session ID, etc.). The reconnect event
                        is cleared before return so the next cycle starts
                        with a fresh signal.

        Shutdown takes precedence if both events are set simultaneously.

        Periodically sends a lightweight keepalive (``list_tools``) to
        prevent TCP connections from going stale during long idle
        periods (#17003).  If the keepalive fails, triggers a reconnect.
        """
        # Keepalive interval in seconds.  Must be shorter than typical
        # LB / NAT idle-timeout (commonly 300-600s).
        _KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL = 180  # 3 minutes

        shutdown_task = asyncio.create_task(self._shutdown_event.wait())
        reconnect_task = asyncio.create_task(self._reconnect_event.wait())
        try:
            while True:
                done, _pending = await asyncio.wait(
                    {shutdown_task, reconnect_task},
                    timeout=_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL,
                    return_when=asyncio.FIRST_COMPLETED,
                )
                if done:
                    break

                # Timeout — no lifecycle event fired.  Send a keepalive
                # to exercise the connection and detect stale sockets.
                if self.session:
                    try:
                        await asyncio.wait_for(
                            self.session.list_tools(),
                            timeout=30.0,
                        )
                    except Exception as exc:
                        logger.warning(
                            "MCP server '%s' keepalive failed, "
                            "triggering reconnect: %s",
                            self.name, exc,
                        )
                        self._reconnect_event.set()
                        break
        finally:
            for t in (shutdown_task, reconnect_task):
                if not t.done():
                    t.cancel()
                    try:
                        await t
                    except (asyncio.CancelledError, Exception):
                        pass

        if self._shutdown_event.is_set():
            return "shutdown"
        self._reconnect_event.clear()
        return "reconnect"

    async def _run_stdio(self, config: dict):
        """Run the server using stdio transport."""
        command = config.get("command")
        args = config.get("args", [])
        user_env = config.get("env")

        if not command:
            raise ValueError(
                f"MCP server '{self.name}' has no 'command' in config"
            )

        safe_env = _build_safe_env(user_env)
        command, safe_env = _resolve_stdio_command(command, safe_env)

        # Check package against OSV malware database before spawning
        from tools.osv_check import check_package_for_malware
        malware_error = check_package_for_malware(command, args)
        if malware_error:
            raise ValueError(
                f"MCP server '{self.name}': {malware_error}"
            )

        server_params = StdioServerParameters(
            command=command,
            args=args,
            env=safe_env if safe_env else None,
        )

        sampling_kwargs = self._sampling.session_kwargs() if self._sampling else {}
        if _MCP_NOTIFICATION_TYPES and _MCP_MESSAGE_HANDLER_SUPPORTED:
            sampling_kwargs["message_handler"] = self._make_message_handler()

        # Snapshot child PIDs before spawning so we can track the new one.
        pids_before = _snapshot_child_pids()
        new_pids: set = set()
        # Redirect subprocess stderr into a shared log file so MCP servers
        # (FastMCP banners, slack-mcp startup JSON, etc.) don't dump onto
        # the user's TTY and corrupt the TUI.  Preserves debuggability via
        # ~/.hermes/logs/mcp-stderr.log.
        _write_stderr_log_header(self.name)
        _errlog = _get_mcp_stderr_log()
        try:
            async with stdio_client(server_params, errlog=_errlog) as (
                read_stream,
                write_stream,
            ):
                # Capture the newly spawned subprocess PID for force-kill cleanup.
                new_pids = _snapshot_child_pids() - pids_before
                if new_pids:
                    with _lock:
                        for _pid in new_pids:
                            _stdio_pids[_pid] = self.name
                async with ClientSession(
                    read_stream, write_stream, **sampling_kwargs
                ) as session:
                    self.initialize_result = await session.initialize()
                    self.session = session
                    await self._discover_tools()
                    self._ready.set()
                    # stdio transport does not use OAuth, but we still honor
                    # _reconnect_event (e.g. future manual /mcp refresh) for
                    # consistency with _run_http.
                    await self._wait_for_lifecycle_event()
        finally:
            # Runs on clean exit, exceptions, AND asyncio cancellation.
            # If any of the spawned PIDs are still alive, the SDK's
            # teardown failed (common when the task is cancelled mid-way
            # on Linux, where setsid() children escape the parent cgroup).
            # Mark them as orphans so the next cleanup sweep can reap them.
            if new_pids:
                with _lock:
                    for _pid in new_pids:
                        _stdio_pids.pop(_pid, None)
                    for pid in new_pids:
                        # ``os.kill(pid, 0)`` is NOT a no-op on Windows
                        # (bpo-14484). Use the cross-platform check.
                        from gateway.status import _pid_exists
                        if not _pid_exists(pid):
                            continue  # process already exited — nothing to do
                        _orphan_stdio_pids.add(pid)

    async def _run_http(self, config: dict):
        """Run the server using HTTP/StreamableHTTP transport."""
        if not _MCP_HTTP_AVAILABLE:
            raise ImportError(
                f"MCP server '{self.name}' requires HTTP transport but "
                "mcp.client.streamable_http is not available. "
                "Upgrade the mcp package to get HTTP support."
            )

        url = config["url"]
        headers = dict(config.get("headers") or {})
        # Some MCP servers require MCP-Protocol-Version on the initial
        # initialize request and reject session-less POSTs otherwise.
        # Seed it as a client-level default, but treat user overrides as
        # case-insensitive so conventional casing is preserved.
        if not any(key.lower() == "mcp-protocol-version" for key in headers):
            headers["mcp-protocol-version"] = LATEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION
        connect_timeout = config.get("connect_timeout", _DEFAULT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT)
        ssl_verify = config.get("ssl_verify", True)

        # OAuth 2.1 PKCE: route through the central MCPOAuthManager so the
        # same provider instance is reused across reconnects, pre-flow
        # disk-watch is active, and config-time CLI code paths share state.
        # If OAuth setup fails (e.g. non-interactive env without cached
        # tokens), re-raise so this server is reported as failed without
        # blocking other MCP servers from connecting.
        _oauth_auth = None
        if self._auth_type == "oauth":
            try:
                from tools.mcp_oauth_manager import get_manager
                _oauth_auth = get_manager().get_or_build_provider(
                    self.name, url, config.get("oauth"),
                )
            except Exception as exc:
                logger.warning("MCP OAuth setup failed for '%s': %s", self.name, exc)
                raise

        sampling_kwargs = self._sampling.session_kwargs() if self._sampling else {}
        if _MCP_NOTIFICATION_TYPES and _MCP_MESSAGE_HANDLER_SUPPORTED:
            sampling_kwargs["message_handler"] = self._make_message_handler()

        # SSE transport (for MCP servers that implement the SSE transport protocol
        # rather than Streamable HTTP). Configure with ``transport: sse`` in the
        # mcp_servers entry in config.yaml.
        if config.get("transport") == "sse":
            if sse_client is None:
                raise ImportError(
                    f"MCP server '{self.name}' requires SSE transport but "
                    "mcp.client.sse.sse_client is not available. "
                    "Upgrade the mcp package to get SSE support."
                )
            # sse_read_timeout governs how long sse_client will wait between
            # events on the SSE stream. Using the tool_timeout (default 60s)
            # here is wrong: SSE servers commonly hold the stream idle for
            # minutes between events, so a 60s read timeout drops the
            # connection after the first slow stretch. 300s matches the
            # Streamable HTTP code path's httpx read timeout below. Original
            # observation from @amiller in PR #5981 (Router Teamwork,
            # Supermemory on Cloudflare Workers idle-disconnect at ~60s).
            _sse_kwargs: dict = {
                "url": url,
                "headers": headers or None,
                "timeout": float(connect_timeout),
                "sse_read_timeout": 300.0,
            }
            if _oauth_auth is not None:
                # Pass OAuth auth through to sse_client so SSE MCP servers
                # behind OAuth 2.1 PKCE work. Previously built but never
                # forwarded — SSE OAuth would silently fail with 401s.
                _sse_kwargs["auth"] = _oauth_auth
            async with sse_client(**_sse_kwargs) as (read_stream, write_stream):
                async with ClientSession(
                    read_stream, write_stream, **sampling_kwargs
                ) as session:
                    self.initialize_result = await session.initialize()
                    self.session = session
                    await self._discover_tools()
                    self._ready.set()
                    reason = await self._wait_for_lifecycle_event()
                    if reason == "reconnect":
                        logger.info(
                            "MCP server '%s': reconnect requested — "
                            "tearing down SSE session", self.name,
                        )
            return

        if _MCP_NEW_HTTP:
            # New API (mcp >= 1.24.0): build an explicit httpx.AsyncClient
            # matching the SDK's own create_mcp_http_client defaults.
            import httpx

            _original_url = httpx.URL(url)

            async def _strip_auth_on_cross_origin_redirect(response):
                """Strip Authorization headers when redirected to a different origin."""
                if response.is_redirect and response.next_request:
                    target = response.next_request.url
                    if (target.scheme, target.host, target.port) != (
                        _original_url.scheme, _original_url.host, _original_url.port,
                    ):
                        response.next_request.headers.pop("authorization", None)
                        response.next_request.headers.pop("Authorization", None)

            client_kwargs: dict = {
                "follow_redirects": True,
                "timeout": httpx.Timeout(float(connect_timeout), read=300.0),
                "verify": ssl_verify,
                "event_hooks": {"response": [_strip_auth_on_cross_origin_redirect]},
            }
            if headers:
                client_kwargs["headers"] = headers
            if _oauth_auth is not None:
                client_kwargs["auth"] = _oauth_auth

            # Caller owns the client lifecycle — the SDK skips cleanup when
            # http_client is provided, so we wrap in async-with.
            async with httpx.AsyncClient(**client_kwargs) as http_client:
                async with streamable_http_client(url, http_client=http_client) as (
                    read_stream, write_stream, _get_session_id,
                ):
                    async with ClientSession(read_stream, write_stream, **sampling_kwargs) as session:
                        self.initialize_result = await session.initialize()
                        self.session = session
                        await self._discover_tools()
                        self._ready.set()
                        reason = await self._wait_for_lifecycle_event()
                        if reason == "reconnect":
                            logger.info(
                                "MCP server '%s': reconnect requested — "
                                "tearing down HTTP session", self.name,
                            )
        else:
            # Deprecated API (mcp < 1.24.0): manages httpx client internally.
            _http_kwargs: dict = {
                "headers": headers,
                "timeout": float(connect_timeout),
                "verify": ssl_verify,
            }
            if _oauth_auth is not None:
                _http_kwargs["auth"] = _oauth_auth
            async with streamablehttp_client(url, **_http_kwargs) as (
                read_stream, write_stream, _get_session_id,
            ):
                async with ClientSession(read_stream, write_stream, **sampling_kwargs) as session:
                    self.initialize_result = await session.initialize()
                    self.session = session
                    await self._discover_tools()
                    self._ready.set()
                    reason = await self._wait_for_lifecycle_event()
                    if reason == "reconnect":
                        logger.info(
                            "MCP server '%s': reconnect requested — "
                            "tearing down legacy HTTP session", self.name,
                        )

    async def _discover_tools(self):
        """Discover tools from the connected session."""
        if self.session is None:
            return
        async with self._rpc_lock:
            tools_result = await self.session.list_tools()
        self._tools = (
            tools_result.tools
            if hasattr(tools_result, "tools")
            else []
        )

    async def run(self, config: dict):
        """Long-lived coroutine: connect, discover tools, wait, disconnect.

        Includes automatic reconnection with exponential backoff if the
        connection drops unexpectedly (unless shutdown was requested).
        """
        self._config = config
        self.tool_timeout = config.get("timeout", _DEFAULT_TOOL_TIMEOUT)
        self._auth_type = (config.get("auth") or "").lower().strip()

        # Set up sampling handler if enabled and SDK types are available
        sampling_config = config.get("sampling", {})
        if sampling_config.get("enabled", True) and _MCP_SAMPLING_TYPES:
            self._sampling = SamplingHandler(self.name, sampling_config)
        else:
            self._sampling = None

        # Validate: warn if both url and command are present
        if "url" in config and "command" in config:
            logger.warning(
                "MCP server '%s' has both 'url' and 'command' in config. "
                "Using HTTP transport ('url'). Remove 'command' to silence "
                "this warning.",
                self.name,
            )
        retries = 0
        initial_retries = 0
        backoff = 1.0

        while True:
            try:
                if self._is_http():
                    await self._run_http(config)
                else:
                    await self._run_stdio(config)
                # Transport returned cleanly. Two cases:
                #  - _shutdown_event was set: exit the run loop entirely.
                #  - _reconnect_event was set (auth recovery): loop back and
                #    rebuild the MCP session with fresh credentials. Do NOT
                #    touch the retry counters — this is not a failure.
                if self._shutdown_event.is_set():
                    break
                logger.info(
                    "MCP server '%s': reconnecting (OAuth recovery or "
                    "manual refresh)",
                    self.name,
                )
                # Reset the session reference; _run_http/_run_stdio will
                # repopulate it on successful re-entry.
                self.session = None
                # Keep _ready set across reconnects so tool handlers can
                # still detect a transient in-flight state — it'll be
                # re-set after the fresh session initializes.
                continue
            except asyncio.CancelledError:
                # Task was cancelled (shutdown, gateway restart, explicit
                # task.cancel()). Don't treat this as a connection failure —
                # CancelledError inherits from BaseException (not Exception)
                # in Python 3.11+, so the broad ``except Exception`` below
                # would NOT catch it; we'd silently exit the reconnect loop
                # and the MCP server would stay dead until Hermes is fully
                # restarted. Re-raise so the task's cancellation propagates
                # correctly to asyncio's task machinery and ``shutdown()``'s
                # ``await self._task`` completes. See #9930.
                self.session = None
                raise
            except Exception as exc:
                self.session = None

                # If this is the first connection attempt, retry with backoff
                # before giving up. A transient DNS/network blip at startup
                # should not permanently kill the server.
                # (Ported from Kilo Code's MCP resilience fix.)
                if not self._ready.is_set():
                    initial_retries += 1
                    if initial_retries > _MAX_INITIAL_CONNECT_RETRIES:
                        logger.warning(
                            "MCP server '%s' failed initial connection after "
                            "%d attempts, giving up: %s",
                            self.name, _MAX_INITIAL_CONNECT_RETRIES, exc,
                        )
                        self._error = exc
                        self._ready.set()
                        return

                    logger.warning(
                        "MCP server '%s' initial connection failed "
                        "(attempt %d/%d), retrying in %.0fs: %s",
                        self.name, initial_retries,
                        _MAX_INITIAL_CONNECT_RETRIES, backoff, exc,
                    )
                    await asyncio.sleep(backoff)
                    backoff = min(backoff * 2, _MAX_BACKOFF_SECONDS)

                    # Check if shutdown was requested during the sleep
                    if self._shutdown_event.is_set():
                        self._error = exc
                        self._ready.set()
                        return
                    continue

                # If shutdown was requested, don't reconnect
                if self._shutdown_event.is_set():
                    logger.debug(
                        "MCP server '%s' disconnected during shutdown: %s",
                        self.name, exc,
                    )
                    return

                retries += 1
                if retries > _MAX_RECONNECT_RETRIES:
                    logger.warning(
                        "MCP server '%s' failed after %d reconnection attempts, "
                        "giving up: %s",
                        self.name, _MAX_RECONNECT_RETRIES, exc,
                    )
                    return

                logger.warning(
                    "MCP server '%s' connection lost (attempt %d/%d), "
                    "reconnecting in %.0fs: %s",
                    self.name, retries, _MAX_RECONNECT_RETRIES,
                    backoff, exc,
                )
                await asyncio.sleep(backoff)
                backoff = min(backoff * 2, _MAX_BACKOFF_SECONDS)

                # Check again after sleeping
                if self._shutdown_event.is_set():
                    return
            finally:
                self.session = None

    async def start(self, config: dict):
        """Create the background Task and wait until ready (or failed)."""
        self._task = asyncio.ensure_future(self.run(config))
        await self._ready.wait()
        if self._error:
            raise self._error

    async def shutdown(self):
        """Signal the Task to exit and wait for clean resource teardown."""
        from tools.registry import registry

        self._shutdown_event.set()
        # Defensive: if _wait_for_lifecycle_event is blocking, we need ANY
        # event to unblock it. _shutdown_event alone is sufficient (the
        # helper checks shutdown first), but setting reconnect too ensures
        # there's no race where the helper misses the shutdown flag after
        # returning "reconnect".
        self._reconnect_event.set()
        if self._task and not self._task.done():
            try:
                await asyncio.wait_for(self._task, timeout=10)
            except asyncio.TimeoutError:
                logger.warning(
                    "MCP server '%s' shutdown timed out, cancelling task",
                    self.name,
                )
                self._task.cancel()
                try:
                    await self._task
                except asyncio.CancelledError:
                    pass
        if self._pending_refresh_tasks:
            for task in list(self._pending_refresh_tasks):
                task.cancel()
            await asyncio.gather(*self._pending_refresh_tasks, return_exceptions=True)
            self._pending_refresh_tasks.clear()
        for tool_name in list(getattr(self, "_registered_tool_names", [])):
            registry.deregister(tool_name)
        self._registered_tool_names = []
        self.session = None


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Module-level state
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

_servers: Dict[str, MCPServerTask] = {}

# Circuit breaker: consecutive error counts per server.  After
# _CIRCUIT_BREAKER_THRESHOLD consecutive failures, the handler returns
# a "server unreachable" message that tells the model to stop retrying,
# preventing the 90-iteration burn loop described in #10447.
#
# State machine:
#   closed    — error count below threshold; all calls go through.
#   open      — threshold reached; calls short-circuit until the
#               cooldown elapses.
#   half-open — cooldown elapsed; the next call is a probe that
#               actually hits the session. Probe success → closed.
#               Probe failure → reopens (cooldown re-armed).
#
# ``_server_breaker_opened_at`` records the monotonic timestamp when
# the breaker most recently transitioned into the open state. Use the
# ``_bump_server_error`` / ``_reset_server_error`` helpers to mutate
# this state — they keep the count and timestamp in sync.
_server_error_counts: Dict[str, int] = {}
_server_breaker_opened_at: Dict[str, float] = {}
_CIRCUIT_BREAKER_THRESHOLD = 3
_CIRCUIT_BREAKER_COOLDOWN_SEC = 60.0


def _bump_server_error(server_name: str) -> None:
    """Increment the consecutive-failure count for ``server_name``.

    When the count crosses :data:`_CIRCUIT_BREAKER_THRESHOLD`, stamp the
    breaker-open timestamp so the cooldown clock starts (or re-starts,
    for probe failures in the half-open state).
    """
    n = _server_error_counts.get(server_name, 0) + 1
    _server_error_counts[server_name] = n
    if n >= _CIRCUIT_BREAKER_THRESHOLD:
        _server_breaker_opened_at[server_name] = time.monotonic()


def _reset_server_error(server_name: str) -> None:
    """Fully close the breaker for ``server_name``.

    Clears both the failure count and the breaker-open timestamp. Call
    this on any unambiguous success signal (successful tool call,
    successful reconnect, manual /mcp refresh).
    """
    _server_error_counts[server_name] = 0
    _server_breaker_opened_at.pop(server_name, None)

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Auth-failure detection helpers (Task 6 of MCP OAuth consolidation)
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Cached tuple of auth-related exception types. Lazy so this module
# imports cleanly when the MCP SDK OAuth module is missing.
_AUTH_ERROR_TYPES: tuple = ()


def _get_auth_error_types() -> tuple:
    """Return a tuple of exception types that indicate MCP OAuth failure.

    Cached after first call. Includes:
      - ``mcp.client.auth.OAuthFlowError`` / ``OAuthTokenError`` — raised by
        the SDK's auth flow when discovery, refresh, or full re-auth fails.
      - ``mcp.client.auth.UnauthorizedError`` (older MCP SDKs) — kept as an
        optional import for forward/backward compatibility.
      - ``tools.mcp_oauth.OAuthNonInteractiveError`` — raised by our callback
        handler when no user is present to complete a browser flow.
      - ``httpx.HTTPStatusError`` — caller must additionally check
        ``status_code == 401`` via :func:`_is_auth_error`.
    """
    global _AUTH_ERROR_TYPES
    if _AUTH_ERROR_TYPES:
        return _AUTH_ERROR_TYPES
    types: list = []
    try:
        from mcp.client.auth import OAuthFlowError, OAuthTokenError
        types.extend([OAuthFlowError, OAuthTokenError])
    except ImportError:
        pass
    try:
        # Older MCP SDK variants exported this
        from mcp.client.auth import UnauthorizedError  # type: ignore
        types.append(UnauthorizedError)
    except ImportError:
        pass
    try:
        from tools.mcp_oauth import OAuthNonInteractiveError
        types.append(OAuthNonInteractiveError)
    except ImportError:
        pass
    try:
        import httpx
        types.append(httpx.HTTPStatusError)
    except ImportError:
        pass
    _AUTH_ERROR_TYPES = tuple(types)
    return _AUTH_ERROR_TYPES


def _is_auth_error(exc: BaseException) -> bool:
    """Return True if ``exc`` indicates an MCP OAuth failure.

    ``httpx.HTTPStatusError`` is only treated as auth-related when the
    response status code is 401. Other HTTP errors fall through to the
    generic error path in the tool handlers.
    """
    types = _get_auth_error_types()
    if not types or not isinstance(exc, types):
        return False
    try:
        import httpx
        if isinstance(exc, httpx.HTTPStatusError):
            return getattr(exc.response, "status_code", None) == 401
    except ImportError:
        pass
    return True


def _handle_auth_error_and_retry(
    server_name: str,
    exc: BaseException,
    retry_call,
    op_description: str,
):
    """Attempt auth recovery and one retry; return None to fall through.

    Called by the 5 MCP tool handlers when ``session.<op>()`` raises an
    auth-related exception. Workflow:

      1. Ask :class:`tools.mcp_oauth_manager.MCPOAuthManager.handle_401` if
         recovery is viable (i.e., disk has fresh tokens, or the SDK can
         refresh in-place).
      2. If yes, set the server's ``_reconnect_event`` so the server task
         tears down the current MCP session and rebuilds it with fresh
         credentials. Wait briefly for ``_ready`` to re-fire.
      3. Retry the operation once. Return the retry result if it produced
         a non-error JSON payload. Otherwise return the ``needs_reauth``
         error dict so the model stops hallucinating manual refresh.
      4. Return None if ``exc`` is not an auth error, signalling the
         caller to use the generic error path.

    Args:
        server_name: Name of the MCP server that raised.
        exc: The exception from the failed tool call.
        retry_call: Zero-arg callable that re-runs the tool call, returning
            the same JSON string format as the handler.
        op_description: Human-readable name of the operation (for logs).

    Returns:
        A JSON string if auth recovery was attempted, or None to fall
        through to the caller's generic error path.
    """
    if not _is_auth_error(exc):
        return None

    from tools.mcp_oauth_manager import get_manager
    manager = get_manager()

    async def _recover():
        return await manager.handle_401(server_name, None)

    try:
        recovered = _run_on_mcp_loop(_recover(), timeout=10)
    except Exception as rec_exc:
        logger.warning(
            "MCP OAuth '%s': recovery attempt failed: %s",
            server_name, rec_exc,
        )
        recovered = False

    if recovered:
        with _lock:
            srv = _servers.get(server_name)
        if srv is not None and hasattr(srv, "_reconnect_event"):
            loop = _mcp_loop
            if loop is not None and loop.is_running():
                loop.call_soon_threadsafe(srv._reconnect_event.set)
                # Wait briefly for the session to come back ready. Bounded
                # so that a stuck reconnect falls through to the error
                # path rather than hanging the caller.
                deadline = time.monotonic() + 15
                while time.monotonic() < deadline:
                    if srv.session is not None and srv._ready.is_set():
                        break
                    time.sleep(0.25)

        # A successful OAuth recovery is independent evidence that the
        # server is viable again, so close the circuit breaker here —
        # not only on retry success. Without this, a reconnect
        # followed by a failing retry would leave the breaker pinned
        # above threshold forever (the retry-exception branch below
        # bumps the count again).  The post-reset retry still goes
        # through _bump_server_error on failure, so a genuinely broken
        # server will re-trip the breaker as normal.
        _reset_server_error(server_name)

        try:
            result = retry_call()
            try:
                parsed = json.loads(result)
                if "error" not in parsed:
                    _reset_server_error(server_name)
                    return result
            except (json.JSONDecodeError, TypeError):
                _reset_server_error(server_name)
                return result
        except Exception as retry_exc:
            logger.warning(
                "MCP %s/%s retry after auth recovery failed: %s",
                server_name, op_description, retry_exc,
            )

    # No recovery available, or retry also failed: surface a structured
    # needs_reauth error. Bumps the circuit breaker so the model stops
    # retrying the tool.
    _bump_server_error(server_name)
    return json.dumps({
        "error": (
            f"MCP server '{server_name}' requires re-authentication. "
            f"Run `hermes mcp login {server_name}` (or delete the tokens "
            f"file under ~/.hermes/mcp-tokens/ and restart). Do NOT retry "
            f"this tool — ask the user to re-authenticate."
        ),
        "needs_reauth": True,
        "server": server_name,
    }, ensure_ascii=False)


# Substrings (lower-cased match) that indicate the MCP server rejected
# the request because its server-side transport session expired /
# was garbage-collected.  The caller's OAuth token is still valid —
# only the transport-layer session state needs rebuilding.  See #13383.
_SESSION_EXPIRED_MARKERS: tuple = (
    "invalid or expired session",
    "expired session",
    "session expired",
    "session not found",
    "unknown session",
    "session terminated",
    "closedresourceerror",
    "closed resource",
    "transport is closed",
    "connection closed",
    "broken pipe",
    "end of file",
)


def _is_session_expired_error(exc: BaseException) -> bool:
    """Return True if ``exc`` looks like an MCP transport session expiry.

    Streamable HTTP MCP servers may garbage-collect server-side session
    state while the OAuth token remains valid — idle TTL, server
    restart, horizontal-scaling pod rotation, etc.  The SDK surfaces
    this as a JSON-RPC error whose message contains phrases like
    ``"Invalid or expired session"``.  This class of failure is
    distinct from :func:`_is_auth_error`: re-running the OAuth refresh
    flow would be pointless because the access token is fine.  What's
    needed is a transport reconnect — tear down and rebuild the
    ``streamablehttp_client`` + ``ClientSession`` pair, which is
    exactly what ``MCPServerTask._reconnect_event`` triggers.
    """
    if isinstance(exc, InterruptedError):
        return False
    # Exception messages vary across SDK versions + server
    # implementations, so match on a small allow-list of stable
    # substrings rather than exception type.  Kept narrow to avoid
    # false positives on unrelated server errors.
    msg = str(exc).lower()
    if not msg:
        return False
    return any(marker in msg for marker in _SESSION_EXPIRED_MARKERS)


def _handle_session_expired_and_retry(
    server_name: str,
    exc: BaseException,
    retry_call,
    op_description: str,
):
    """Trigger a transport reconnect and retry once on session expiry.

    Unlike :func:`_handle_auth_error_and_retry`, this does **not** call
    the OAuth manager's ``handle_401`` — the access token is still
    valid, only the server-side session state is stale.  Setting
    ``_reconnect_event`` causes the server task's lifecycle loop to
    tear down the current ``streamablehttp_client`` + ``ClientSession``
    and rebuild them, reusing the existing OAuth provider instance.
    See #13383.

    Args:
        server_name: Name of the MCP server that raised.
        exc: The exception from the failed call.
        retry_call: Zero-arg callable that re-runs the operation,
            returning the same JSON string format as the handler.
        op_description: Human-readable name of the operation (logs).

    Returns:
        A JSON string if reconnect + retry was attempted and produced
        a response, or ``None`` to fall through to the caller's
        generic error path (not a session-expired error, no server
        record, reconnect didn't ready in time, or retry also failed).
    """
    if not _is_session_expired_error(exc):
        return None

    with _lock:
        srv = _servers.get(server_name)
    if srv is None or not hasattr(srv, "_reconnect_event"):
        return None

    loop = _mcp_loop
    if loop is None or not loop.is_running():
        return None

    logger.info(
        "MCP server '%s': %s failed with session-expired error (%s); "
        "signalling transport reconnect and retrying once.",
        server_name, op_description, exc,
    )

    # Trigger the same reconnect mechanism the OAuth recovery path
    # uses, then wait briefly for the new session to come back ready.
    loop.call_soon_threadsafe(srv._reconnect_event.set)
    deadline = time.monotonic() + 15
    ready = False
    while time.monotonic() < deadline:
        if srv.session is not None and srv._ready.is_set():
            ready = True
            break
        time.sleep(0.25)
    if not ready:
        logger.warning(
            "MCP server '%s': reconnect did not ready within 15s after "
            "session-expired error; falling through to error response.",
            server_name,
        )
        return None

    try:
        result = retry_call()
        try:
            parsed = json.loads(result)
            if "error" not in parsed:
                _server_error_counts[server_name] = 0
                return result
        except (json.JSONDecodeError, TypeError):
            _server_error_counts[server_name] = 0
            return result
    except Exception as retry_exc:
        logger.warning(
            "MCP %s/%s retry after session reconnect failed: %s",
            server_name, op_description, retry_exc,
        )
    return None


# Dedicated event loop running in a background daemon thread.
_mcp_loop: Optional[asyncio.AbstractEventLoop] = None
_mcp_thread: Optional[threading.Thread] = None

# Protects _mcp_loop, _mcp_thread, _servers, and _stdio_pids.
_lock = threading.Lock()

# PIDs of stdio MCP server subprocesses.  Tracked so we can force-kill
# them on shutdown if the graceful cleanup (SDK context-manager teardown)
# fails or times out.  PIDs are added after connection and removed on
# normal server shutdown.
_stdio_pids: Dict[int, str] = {}  # pid -> server_name

# PIDs that survived their session context exit (SDK teardown failed to
# terminate them).  These are detected in _run_stdio's finally block and
# can be cleaned up asynchronously by _kill_orphaned_mcp_children().
# Separate from _stdio_pids so cleanup sweeps never race with active
# sessions (e.g. concurrent cron jobs or live user chats).
_orphan_stdio_pids: set = set()


def _snapshot_child_pids() -> set:
    """Return a set of current child process PIDs.

    Uses /proc on Linux, falls back to psutil, then empty set.
    Used by _run_stdio to identify the subprocess spawned by stdio_client.
    """
    my_pid = os.getpid()

    # Linux: read from /proc
    try:
        children_path = f"/proc/{my_pid}/task/{my_pid}/children"
        with open(children_path, encoding="utf-8") as f:
            return {int(p) for p in f.read().split() if p.strip()}
    except (FileNotFoundError, OSError, ValueError):
        pass

    # Fallback: psutil
    try:
        import psutil
        return {c.pid for c in psutil.Process(my_pid).children()}
    except Exception:
        pass

    return set()


def _mcp_loop_exception_handler(loop, context):
    """Suppress benign 'Event loop is closed' noise during shutdown.

    When the MCP event loop is stopped and closed, httpx/httpcore async
    transports may fire __del__ finalizers that call call_soon() on the
    dead loop.  asyncio catches that RuntimeError and routes it here.
    We silence it because the connection is being torn down anyway; all
    other exceptions are forwarded to the default handler.
    """
    exc = context.get("exception")
    if isinstance(exc, RuntimeError) and "Event loop is closed" in str(exc):
        return  # benign shutdown race — suppress
    loop.default_exception_handler(context)


def _ensure_mcp_loop():
    """Start the background event loop thread if not already running."""
    global _mcp_loop, _mcp_thread
    with _lock:
        if _mcp_loop is not None and _mcp_loop.is_running():
            return
        _mcp_loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
        _mcp_loop.set_exception_handler(_mcp_loop_exception_handler)
        _mcp_thread = threading.Thread(
            target=_mcp_loop.run_forever,
            name="mcp-event-loop",
            daemon=True,
        )
        _mcp_thread.start()


def _run_on_mcp_loop(coro, timeout: float = 30):
    """Schedule a coroutine on the MCP event loop and block until done.

    Poll in short intervals so the calling agent thread can honor user
    interrupts while the MCP work is still running on the background loop.
    """
    from tools.interrupt import is_interrupted

    with _lock:
        loop = _mcp_loop
    if loop is None or not loop.is_running():
        raise RuntimeError("MCP event loop is not running")
    future = asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe(coro, loop)
    start_time = time.monotonic()
    deadline = None if timeout is None else start_time + timeout

    while True:
        if is_interrupted():
            future.cancel()
            raise InterruptedError("User sent a new message")

        wait_timeout = 0.1
        if deadline is not None:
            remaining = deadline - time.monotonic()
            if remaining <= 0:
                future.cancel()
                elapsed = time.monotonic() - start_time
                raise TimeoutError(
                    f"MCP call timed out after {elapsed:.1f}s "
                    f"(configured timeout: {float(timeout):.1f}s)"
                )
            wait_timeout = min(wait_timeout, remaining)

        try:
            return future.result(timeout=wait_timeout)
        except concurrent.futures.TimeoutError:
            continue


def _interrupted_call_result() -> str:
    """Standardized JSON error for a user-interrupted MCP tool call."""
    return json.dumps({
        "error": "MCP call interrupted: user sent a new message"
    }, ensure_ascii=False)


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Config loading
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

def _interpolate_env_vars(value):
    """Recursively resolve ``${VAR}`` placeholders from ``os.environ``."""
    if isinstance(value, str):
        def _replace(m):
            return os.environ.get(m.group(1), m.group(0))
        return re.sub(r"\$\{([^}]+)\}", _replace, value)
    if isinstance(value, dict):
        return {k: _interpolate_env_vars(v) for k, v in value.items()}
    if isinstance(value, list):
        return [_interpolate_env_vars(v) for v in value]
    return value


def _load_mcp_config() -> Dict[str, dict]:
    """Read ``mcp_servers`` from the Hermes config file.

    Returns a dict of ``{server_name: server_config}`` or empty dict.
    Server config can contain either ``command``/``args``/``env`` for stdio
    transport or ``url``/``headers`` for HTTP transport, plus optional
    ``timeout``, ``connect_timeout``, and ``auth`` overrides.

    ``${ENV_VAR}`` placeholders in string values are resolved from
    ``os.environ`` (which includes ``~/.hermes/.env`` loaded at startup).
    """
    try:
        from hermes_cli.config import load_config
        config = load_config()
        servers = config.get("mcp_servers")
        if not servers or not isinstance(servers, dict):
            return {}
        # Ensure .env vars are available for interpolation
        try:
            from hermes_cli.env_loader import load_hermes_dotenv
            load_hermes_dotenv()
        except Exception:
            pass
        return {name: _interpolate_env_vars(cfg) for name, cfg in servers.items()}
    except Exception as exc:
        logger.debug("Failed to load MCP config: %s", exc)
        return {}


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Server connection helper
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

async def _connect_server(name: str, config: dict) -> MCPServerTask:
    """Create an MCPServerTask, start it, and return when ready.

    The server Task keeps the connection alive in the background.
    Call ``server.shutdown()`` (on the same event loop) to tear it down.

    Raises:
        ValueError: if required config keys are missing.
        ImportError: if HTTP transport is needed but not available.
        Exception: on connection or initialization failure.
    """
    server = MCPServerTask(name)
    await server.start(config)
    return server


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Handler / check-fn factories
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

def _make_tool_handler(server_name: str, tool_name: str, tool_timeout: float):
    """Return a sync handler that calls an MCP tool via the background loop.

    The handler conforms to the registry's dispatch interface:
    ``handler(args_dict, **kwargs) -> str``
    """

    def _handler(args: dict, **kwargs) -> str:
        # Circuit breaker: if this server has failed too many times
        # consecutively, short-circuit with a clear message so the model
        # stops retrying and uses alternative approaches (#10447).
        #
        # Once the cooldown elapses, the breaker transitions to
        # half-open: we let the *next* call through as a probe. On
        # success the success-path below resets the breaker; on
        # failure the error paths below bump the count again, which
        # re-stamps the open-time via _bump_server_error (re-arming
        # the cooldown).
        if _server_error_counts.get(server_name, 0) >= _CIRCUIT_BREAKER_THRESHOLD:
            opened_at = _server_breaker_opened_at.get(server_name, 0.0)
            age = time.monotonic() - opened_at
            if age < _CIRCUIT_BREAKER_COOLDOWN_SEC:
                remaining = max(1, int(_CIRCUIT_BREAKER_COOLDOWN_SEC - age))
                return json.dumps({
                    "error": (
                        f"MCP server '{server_name}' is unreachable after "
                        f"{_server_error_counts[server_name]} consecutive "
                        f"failures. Auto-retry available in ~{remaining}s. "
                        f"Do NOT retry this tool yet — use alternative "
                        f"approaches or ask the user to check the MCP server."
                    )
                }, ensure_ascii=False)
            # Cooldown elapsed → fall through as a half-open probe.

        with _lock:
            server = _servers.get(server_name)
        if not server or not server.session:
            _bump_server_error(server_name)
            return json.dumps({
                "error": f"MCP server '{server_name}' is not connected"
            }, ensure_ascii=False)

        async def _call():
            async with server._rpc_lock:
                result = await server.session.call_tool(tool_name, arguments=args)
            # MCP CallToolResult has .content (list of content blocks) and .isError
            if result.isError:
                error_text = ""
                for block in (result.content or []):
                    if hasattr(block, "text"):
                        error_text += block.text
                return json.dumps({
                    "error": _sanitize_error(
                        error_text or "MCP tool returned an error"
                    )
                }, ensure_ascii=False)

            # Collect text from content blocks. MCP tool results can also
            # include ImageContent blocks (screenshot / Blockbench / Playwright
            # etc.); cache those via the gateway's image-cache helper so they
            # flow through Hermes' MEDIA: tag convention and out to messaging
            # adapters that render images natively. Without this, image blocks
            # were silently dropped and the agent got an empty response.
            #
            # Distilled from #17915 (c3115644151) and #10848 (gnanirahulnutakki),
            # both too stale to cherry-pick. #10848's approach (integrate with
            # Hermes' MEDIA tag + cache_image_from_bytes) was the cleaner of
            # the two — plugs into existing infrastructure.
            parts: List[str] = []
            for block in (result.content or []):
                if hasattr(block, "text") and block.text:
                    parts.append(block.text)
                    continue
                image_tag = _cache_mcp_image_block(block)
                if image_tag:
                    parts.append(image_tag)
            text_result = "\n".join(parts) if parts else ""

            # Combine content + structuredContent when both are present.
            # MCP spec: content is model-oriented (text), structuredContent
            # is machine-oriented (JSON metadata).  For an AI agent, content
            # is the primary payload; structuredContent supplements it.
            structured = getattr(result, "structuredContent", None)
            if structured is not None:
                if text_result:
                    return json.dumps({
                        "result": text_result,
                        "structuredContent": structured,
                    }, ensure_ascii=False)
                return json.dumps({"result": structured}, ensure_ascii=False)
            return json.dumps({"result": text_result}, ensure_ascii=False)

        def _call_once():
            return _run_on_mcp_loop(_call(), timeout=tool_timeout)

        try:
            result = _call_once()
            # Check if the MCP tool itself returned an error
            try:
                parsed = json.loads(result)
                if "error" in parsed:
                    _bump_server_error(server_name)
                else:
                    _reset_server_error(server_name)  # success — reset
            except (json.JSONDecodeError, TypeError):
                _reset_server_error(server_name)  # non-JSON = success
            return result
        except InterruptedError:
            return _interrupted_call_result()
        except Exception as exc:
            # Auth-specific recovery path: consult the manager, signal
            # reconnect if viable, retry once. Returns None to fall
            # through for non-auth exceptions.
            recovered = _handle_auth_error_and_retry(
                server_name, exc, _call_once,
                f"tools/call {tool_name}",
            )
            if recovered is not None:
                return recovered

            # Transport session expiry (#13383): same reconnect flow
            # but skips OAuth recovery because the access token is
            # still valid — only the server-side session is stale.
            recovered = _handle_session_expired_and_retry(
                server_name, exc, _call_once,
                f"tools/call {tool_name}",
            )
            if recovered is not None:
                return recovered

            _bump_server_error(server_name)
            logger.error(
                "MCP tool %s/%s call failed: %s",
                server_name, tool_name, exc,
            )
            return json.dumps({
                "error": _sanitize_error(
                    f"MCP call failed: {type(exc).__name__}: {_exc_str(exc)}"
                )
            }, ensure_ascii=False)

    return _handler


def _make_list_resources_handler(server_name: str, tool_timeout: float):
    """Return a sync handler that lists resources from an MCP server."""

    def _handler(args: dict, **kwargs) -> str:
        with _lock:
            server = _servers.get(server_name)
        if not server or not server.session:
            return json.dumps({
                "error": f"MCP server '{server_name}' is not connected"
            }, ensure_ascii=False)

        async def _call():
            async with server._rpc_lock:
                result = await server.session.list_resources()
            resources = []
            for r in (result.resources if hasattr(result, "resources") else []):
                entry = {}
                if hasattr(r, "uri"):
                    entry["uri"] = str(r.uri)
                if hasattr(r, "name"):
                    entry["name"] = r.name
                if hasattr(r, "description") and r.description:
                    entry["description"] = r.description
                if hasattr(r, "mimeType") and r.mimeType:
                    entry["mimeType"] = r.mimeType
                resources.append(entry)
            return json.dumps({"resources": resources}, ensure_ascii=False)

        def _call_once():
            return _run_on_mcp_loop(_call(), timeout=tool_timeout)

        try:
            return _call_once()
        except InterruptedError:
            return _interrupted_call_result()
        except Exception as exc:
            recovered = _handle_auth_error_and_retry(
                server_name, exc, _call_once, "resources/list",
            )
            if recovered is not None:
                return recovered
            recovered = _handle_session_expired_and_retry(
                server_name, exc, _call_once, "resources/list",
            )
            if recovered is not None:
                return recovered
            logger.error(
                "MCP %s/list_resources failed: %s", server_name, exc,
            )
            return json.dumps({
                "error": _sanitize_error(
                    f"MCP call failed: {type(exc).__name__}: {_exc_str(exc)}"
                )
            }, ensure_ascii=False)

    return _handler


def _make_read_resource_handler(server_name: str, tool_timeout: float):
    """Return a sync handler that reads a resource by URI from an MCP server."""

    def _handler(args: dict, **kwargs) -> str:
        from tools.registry import tool_error

        with _lock:
            server = _servers.get(server_name)
        if not server or not server.session:
            return json.dumps({
                "error": f"MCP server '{server_name}' is not connected"
            }, ensure_ascii=False)

        uri = args.get("uri")
        if not uri:
            return tool_error("Missing required parameter 'uri'")

        async def _call():
            async with server._rpc_lock:
                result = await server.session.read_resource(uri)
            # read_resource returns ReadResourceResult with .contents list
            parts: List[str] = []
            contents = result.contents if hasattr(result, "contents") else []
            for block in contents:
                if hasattr(block, "text"):
                    parts.append(block.text)
                elif hasattr(block, "blob"):
                    parts.append(f"[binary data, {len(block.blob)} bytes]")
            return json.dumps({"result": "\n".join(parts) if parts else ""}, ensure_ascii=False)

        def _call_once():
            return _run_on_mcp_loop(_call(), timeout=tool_timeout)

        try:
            return _call_once()
        except InterruptedError:
            return _interrupted_call_result()
        except Exception as exc:
            recovered = _handle_auth_error_and_retry(
                server_name, exc, _call_once, "resources/read",
            )
            if recovered is not None:
                return recovered
            recovered = _handle_session_expired_and_retry(
                server_name, exc, _call_once, "resources/read",
            )
            if recovered is not None:
                return recovered
            logger.error(
                "MCP %s/read_resource failed: %s", server_name, exc,
            )
            return json.dumps({
                "error": _sanitize_error(
                    f"MCP call failed: {type(exc).__name__}: {_exc_str(exc)}"
                )
            }, ensure_ascii=False)

    return _handler


def _make_list_prompts_handler(server_name: str, tool_timeout: float):
    """Return a sync handler that lists prompts from an MCP server."""

    def _handler(args: dict, **kwargs) -> str:
        with _lock:
            server = _servers.get(server_name)
        if not server or not server.session:
            return json.dumps({
                "error": f"MCP server '{server_name}' is not connected"
            }, ensure_ascii=False)

        async def _call():
            async with server._rpc_lock:
                result = await server.session.list_prompts()
            prompts = []
            for p in (result.prompts if hasattr(result, "prompts") else []):
                entry = {}
                if hasattr(p, "name"):
                    entry["name"] = p.name
                if hasattr(p, "description") and p.description:
                    entry["description"] = p.description
                if hasattr(p, "arguments") and p.arguments:
                    entry["arguments"] = [
                        {
                            "name": a.name,
                            **({"description": a.description} if hasattr(a, "description") and a.description else {}),
                            **({"required": a.required} if hasattr(a, "required") else {}),
                        }
                        for a in p.arguments
                    ]
                prompts.append(entry)
            return json.dumps({"prompts": prompts}, ensure_ascii=False)

        def _call_once():
            return _run_on_mcp_loop(_call(), timeout=tool_timeout)

        try:
            return _call_once()
        except InterruptedError:
            return _interrupted_call_result()
        except Exception as exc:
            recovered = _handle_auth_error_and_retry(
                server_name, exc, _call_once, "prompts/list",
            )
            if recovered is not None:
                return recovered
            recovered = _handle_session_expired_and_retry(
                server_name, exc, _call_once, "prompts/list",
            )
            if recovered is not None:
                return recovered
            logger.error(
                "MCP %s/list_prompts failed: %s", server_name, exc,
            )
            return json.dumps({
                "error": _sanitize_error(
                    f"MCP call failed: {type(exc).__name__}: {_exc_str(exc)}"
                )
            }, ensure_ascii=False)

    return _handler


def _make_get_prompt_handler(server_name: str, tool_timeout: float):
    """Return a sync handler that gets a prompt by name from an MCP server."""

    def _handler(args: dict, **kwargs) -> str:
        from tools.registry import tool_error

        with _lock:
            server = _servers.get(server_name)
        if not server or not server.session:
            return json.dumps({
                "error": f"MCP server '{server_name}' is not connected"
            }, ensure_ascii=False)

        name = args.get("name")
        if not name:
            return tool_error("Missing required parameter 'name'")
        arguments = args.get("arguments", {})

        async def _call():
            async with server._rpc_lock:
                result = await server.session.get_prompt(name, arguments=arguments)
            # GetPromptResult has .messages list
            messages = []
            for msg in (result.messages if hasattr(result, "messages") else []):
                entry = {}
                if hasattr(msg, "role"):
                    entry["role"] = msg.role
                if hasattr(msg, "content"):
                    content = msg.content
                    if hasattr(content, "text"):
                        entry["content"] = content.text
                    elif isinstance(content, str):
                        entry["content"] = content
                    else:
                        entry["content"] = str(content)
                messages.append(entry)
            resp = {"messages": messages}
            if hasattr(result, "description") and result.description:
                resp["description"] = result.description
            return json.dumps(resp, ensure_ascii=False)

        def _call_once():
            return _run_on_mcp_loop(_call(), timeout=tool_timeout)

        try:
            return _call_once()
        except InterruptedError:
            return _interrupted_call_result()
        except Exception as exc:
            recovered = _handle_auth_error_and_retry(
                server_name, exc, _call_once, "prompts/get",
            )
            if recovered is not None:
                return recovered
            recovered = _handle_session_expired_and_retry(
                server_name, exc, _call_once, "prompts/get",
            )
            if recovered is not None:
                return recovered
            logger.error(
                "MCP %s/get_prompt failed: %s", server_name, exc,
            )
            return json.dumps({
                "error": _sanitize_error(
                    f"MCP call failed: {type(exc).__name__}: {_exc_str(exc)}"
                )
            }, ensure_ascii=False)

    return _handler


def _make_check_fn(server_name: str):
    """Return a check function that verifies the MCP connection is alive."""

    def _check() -> bool:
        with _lock:
            server = _servers.get(server_name)
        return server is not None and server.session is not None

    return _check


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Discovery & registration
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

def _normalize_mcp_input_schema(schema: dict | None) -> dict:
    """Normalize MCP input schemas for LLM tool-calling compatibility.

    MCP servers can emit plain JSON Schema with ``definitions`` /
    ``#/definitions/...`` references.  Kimi / Moonshot rejects that form and
    requires local refs to point into ``#/$defs/...`` instead.  Normalize the
    common draft-07 shape here so MCP tool schemas remain portable across
    OpenAI-compatible providers.

    Additional MCP-server robustness repairs applied recursively:

    * Missing or ``null`` ``type`` on an object-shaped node is coerced to
      ``"object"`` (some servers omit it).  See PR #4897.
    * When an ``object`` node lacks ``properties``, an empty ``properties``
      dict is added so ``required`` entries don't dangle.
    * ``required`` arrays are pruned to only names that exist in
      ``properties``; otherwise Google AI Studio / Gemini 400s with
      ``property is not defined``.  See PR #4651.
    * MCP/Pydantic optional fields commonly arrive as
      ``anyOf: [{...}, {"type": "null"}], default: null``.  Anthropic rejects
      nullable branches in tool input schemas, so nullable unions are collapsed
      to the non-null branch and optionality remains represented solely by the
      parent object's ``required`` list.

    All repairs are provider-agnostic and ideally produce a schema valid on
    OpenAI, Anthropic, Gemini, and Moonshot in one pass.
    """
    if not schema:
        return {"type": "object", "properties": {}}

    def _rewrite_local_refs(node):
        if isinstance(node, dict):
            normalized = {}
            for key, value in node.items():
                out_key = "$defs" if key == "definitions" else key
                normalized[out_key] = _rewrite_local_refs(value)
            ref = normalized.get("$ref")
            if isinstance(ref, str) and ref.startswith("#/definitions/"):
                normalized["$ref"] = "#/$defs/" + ref[len("#/definitions/"):]
            return normalized
        if isinstance(node, list):
            return [_rewrite_local_refs(item) for item in node]
        return node

    def _strip_nullable_union(node):
        """Collapse JSON Schema nullable unions to provider-safe non-null schemas.

        Delegates to ``tools.schema_sanitizer.strip_nullable_unions`` so MCP
        ingestion, the Anthropic guard, and the global sanitizer all share one
        implementation. Keeps the ``nullable: true`` hint so runtime argument
        coercion can still map a model-emitted ``"null"`` string to Python
        ``None`` for this optional field.
        """
        from tools.schema_sanitizer import strip_nullable_unions

        return strip_nullable_unions(node, keep_nullable_hint=True)

    def _repair_object_shape(node):
        """Recursively repair object-shaped nodes: fill type, prune required."""
        if isinstance(node, list):
            return [_repair_object_shape(item) for item in node]
        if not isinstance(node, dict):
            return node

        repaired = {k: _repair_object_shape(v) for k, v in node.items()}

        # Coerce missing / null type when the shape is clearly an object
        # (has properties or required but no type).
        if not repaired.get("type") and (
            "properties" in repaired or "required" in repaired
        ):
            repaired["type"] = "object"

        if repaired.get("type") == "object":
            # Ensure properties exists so required can reference it safely
            if "properties" not in repaired or not isinstance(
                repaired.get("properties"), dict
            ):
                repaired["properties"] = {} if "properties" not in repaired else repaired["properties"]
                if not isinstance(repaired.get("properties"), dict):
                    repaired["properties"] = {}

            # Prune required to only include names that exist in properties
            required = repaired.get("required")
            if isinstance(required, list):
                props = repaired.get("properties") or {}
                valid = [r for r in required if isinstance(r, str) and r in props]
                if len(valid) != len(required):
                    if valid:
                        repaired["required"] = valid
                    else:
                        repaired.pop("required", None)

        return repaired

    normalized = _rewrite_local_refs(schema)
    normalized = _strip_nullable_union(normalized)
    normalized = _repair_object_shape(normalized)

    # Ensure top-level is a well-formed object schema
    if not isinstance(normalized, dict):
        return {"type": "object", "properties": {}}
    if normalized.get("type") == "object" and "properties" not in normalized:
        normalized = {**normalized, "properties": {}}

    return normalized


def sanitize_mcp_name_component(value: str) -> str:
    """Return an MCP name component safe for tool and prefix generation.

    Preserves Hermes's historical behavior of converting hyphens to
    underscores, and also replaces any other character outside
    ``[A-Za-z0-9_]`` with ``_`` so generated tool names are compatible with
    provider validation rules.
    """
    return re.sub(r"[^A-Za-z0-9_]", "_", str(value or ""))


def _convert_mcp_schema(server_name: str, mcp_tool) -> dict:
    """Convert an MCP tool listing to the Hermes registry schema format.

    Args:
        server_name: The logical server name for prefixing.
        mcp_tool:    An MCP ``Tool`` object with ``.name``, ``.description``,
                     and ``.inputSchema``.

    Returns:
        A dict suitable for ``registry.register(schema=...)``.
    """
    safe_tool_name = sanitize_mcp_name_component(mcp_tool.name)
    safe_server_name = sanitize_mcp_name_component(server_name)
    prefixed_name = f"mcp_{safe_server_name}_{safe_tool_name}"
    return {
        "name": prefixed_name,
        "description": mcp_tool.description or f"MCP tool {mcp_tool.name} from {server_name}",
        "parameters": _normalize_mcp_input_schema(getattr(mcp_tool, "inputSchema", None)),
    }


def _build_utility_schemas(server_name: str) -> List[dict]:
    """Build schemas for the MCP utility tools (resources & prompts).

    Returns a list of (schema, handler_factory_name) tuples encoded as dicts
    with keys: schema, handler_key.
    """
    safe_name = sanitize_mcp_name_component(server_name)
    return [
        {
            "schema": {
                "name": f"mcp_{safe_name}_list_resources",
                "description": f"List available resources from MCP server '{server_name}'",
                "parameters": {
                    "type": "object",
                    "properties": {},
                },
            },
            "handler_key": "list_resources",
        },
        {
            "schema": {
                "name": f"mcp_{safe_name}_read_resource",
                "description": f"Read a resource by URI from MCP server '{server_name}'",
                "parameters": {
                    "type": "object",
                    "properties": {
                        "uri": {
                            "type": "string",
                            "description": "URI of the resource to read",
                        },
                    },
                    "required": ["uri"],
                },
            },
            "handler_key": "read_resource",
        },
        {
            "schema": {
                "name": f"mcp_{safe_name}_list_prompts",
                "description": f"List available prompts from MCP server '{server_name}'",
                "parameters": {
                    "type": "object",
                    "properties": {},
                },
            },
            "handler_key": "list_prompts",
        },
        {
            "schema": {
                "name": f"mcp_{safe_name}_get_prompt",
                "description": f"Get a prompt by name from MCP server '{server_name}'",
                "parameters": {
                    "type": "object",
                    "properties": {
                        "name": {
                            "type": "string",
                            "description": "Name of the prompt to retrieve",
                        },
                        "arguments": {
                            "type": "object",
                            "description": "Optional arguments to pass to the prompt",
                            "properties": {},
                            "additionalProperties": True,
                        },
                    },
                    "required": ["name"],
                },
            },
            "handler_key": "get_prompt",
        },
    ]


def _normalize_name_filter(value: Any, label: str) -> set[str]:
    """Normalize include/exclude config to a set of tool names."""
    if value is None:
        return set()
    if isinstance(value, str):
        return {value}
    if isinstance(value, (list, tuple, set)):
        return {str(item) for item in value}
    logger.warning("MCP config %s must be a string or list of strings; ignoring %r", label, value)
    return set()


def _parse_boolish(value: Any, default: bool = True) -> bool:
    """Parse a bool-like config value with safe fallback."""
    if value is None:
        return default
    if isinstance(value, bool):
        return value
    if isinstance(value, str):
        lowered = value.strip().lower()
        if lowered in {"true", "1", "yes", "on"}:
            return True
        if lowered in {"false", "0", "no", "off"}:
            return False
    logger.warning("MCP config expected a boolean-ish value, got %r; using default=%s", value, default)
    return default


_UTILITY_CAPABILITY_METHODS = {
    "list_resources": "list_resources",
    "read_resource": "read_resource",
    "list_prompts": "list_prompts",
    "get_prompt": "get_prompt",
}

# Maps each utility handler to the MCP capability key that must be non-None
# on the server's ``initialize`` response for the handler to be registered.
# Source of truth: MCP spec — capabilities.resources / capabilities.prompts
# are present on the response only when the server actually implements
# those request families. Without this gate, tools-only servers (e.g.
# Context7 @upstash/context7-mcp, which advertises only ``tools``) had
# all four utility stubs registered and every model call to them came
# back with JSON-RPC ``-32601 Method not found``, which made the model
# conclude the server was broken even when the real tools worked. See
# #18051.
_UTILITY_CAPABILITY_ATTRS = {
    "list_resources": "resources",
    "read_resource": "resources",
    "list_prompts": "prompts",
    "get_prompt": "prompts",
}


def _select_utility_schemas(server_name: str, server: MCPServerTask, config: dict) -> List[dict]:
    """Select utility schemas based on config and server capabilities."""
    tools_filter = config.get("tools") or {}
    resources_enabled = _parse_boolish(tools_filter.get("resources"), default=True)
    prompts_enabled = _parse_boolish(tools_filter.get("prompts"), default=True)

    # ``initialize_result.capabilities`` is the source of truth: its sub-objects
    # (``resources``, ``prompts``) are non-None iff the server advertises that
    # request family. ``hasattr(server.session, ...)`` was the old gate but
    # ClientSession always has the four method attributes defined on the class,
    # so it never filtered anything.
    advertised_caps = None
    init_result = getattr(server, "initialize_result", None)
    if init_result is not None:
        advertised_caps = getattr(init_result, "capabilities", None)

    selected: List[dict] = []
    for entry in _build_utility_schemas(server_name):
        handler_key = entry["handler_key"]
        if handler_key in {"list_resources", "read_resource"} and not resources_enabled:
            logger.debug("MCP server '%s': skipping utility '%s' (resources disabled)", server_name, handler_key)
            continue
        if handler_key in {"list_prompts", "get_prompt"} and not prompts_enabled:
            logger.debug("MCP server '%s': skipping utility '%s' (prompts disabled)", server_name, handler_key)
            continue

        # Preferred gate: check the server's advertised capabilities. Skip
        # if the capability is explicitly not advertised.
        if advertised_caps is not None:
            cap_attr = _UTILITY_CAPABILITY_ATTRS[handler_key]
            if getattr(advertised_caps, cap_attr, None) is None:
                logger.debug(
                    "MCP server '%s': skipping utility '%s' "
                    "(server does not advertise '%s' capability)",
                    server_name,
                    handler_key,
                    cap_attr,
                )
                continue
        else:
            # Legacy fallback for test fixtures or older code paths where
            # initialize_result wasn't captured. Preserves the old behavior
            # of registering every stub in that case rather than regressing
            # any server that was working before this fix.
            required_method = _UTILITY_CAPABILITY_METHODS[handler_key]
            if not hasattr(server.session, required_method):
                logger.debug(
                    "MCP server '%s': skipping utility '%s' (session lacks %s)",
                    server_name,
                    handler_key,
                    required_method,
                )
                continue
        selected.append(entry)
    return selected


def _existing_tool_names() -> List[str]:
    """Return tool names for all currently connected servers."""
    names: List[str] = []
    for _sname, server in _servers.items():
        if hasattr(server, "_registered_tool_names"):
            names.extend(server._registered_tool_names)
            continue
        for mcp_tool in server._tools:
            schema = _convert_mcp_schema(server.name, mcp_tool)
            names.append(schema["name"])
    return names


def _register_server_tools(name: str, server: MCPServerTask, config: dict) -> List[str]:
    """Register tools from an already-connected server into the registry.

    Handles include/exclude filtering and utility tools. Toolset resolution
    for ``mcp-{server}`` and raw server-name aliases is derived from the live
    registry, rather than mutating ``toolsets.TOOLSETS`` at runtime.

    Used by both initial discovery and dynamic refresh (list_changed).

    Returns:
        List of registered prefixed tool names.
    """
    from tools.registry import registry

    registered_names: List[str] = []
    toolset_name = f"mcp-{name}"

    # Selective tool loading: honour include/exclude lists from config.
    # Rules (matching issue #690 spec):
    #   tools.include — whitelist: only these tool names are registered
    #   tools.exclude — blacklist: all tools EXCEPT these are registered
    #   include takes precedence over exclude
    #   Neither set → register all tools (backward-compatible default)
    tools_filter = config.get("tools") or {}
    include_set = _normalize_name_filter(tools_filter.get("include"), f"mcp_servers.{name}.tools.include")
    exclude_set = _normalize_name_filter(tools_filter.get("exclude"), f"mcp_servers.{name}.tools.exclude")

    def _should_register(tool_name: str) -> bool:
        if include_set:
            return tool_name in include_set
        if exclude_set:
            return tool_name not in exclude_set
        return True

    for mcp_tool in server._tools:
        if not _should_register(mcp_tool.name):
            logger.debug("MCP server '%s': skipping tool '%s' (filtered by config)", name, mcp_tool.name)
            continue

        # Scan tool description for prompt injection patterns
        _scan_mcp_description(name, mcp_tool.name, mcp_tool.description or "")

        schema = _convert_mcp_schema(name, mcp_tool)
        tool_name_prefixed = schema["name"]

        # Guard against collisions with built-in (non-MCP) tools.
        existing_toolset = registry.get_toolset_for_tool(tool_name_prefixed)
        if existing_toolset and not existing_toolset.startswith("mcp-"):
            logger.warning(
                "MCP server '%s': tool '%s' (→ '%s') collides with built-in "
                "tool in toolset '%s' — skipping to preserve built-in",
                name, mcp_tool.name, tool_name_prefixed, existing_toolset,
            )
            continue

        registry.register(
            name=tool_name_prefixed,
            toolset=toolset_name,
            schema=schema,
            handler=_make_tool_handler(name, mcp_tool.name, server.tool_timeout),
            check_fn=_make_check_fn(name),
            is_async=False,
            description=schema["description"],
        )
        registered_names.append(tool_name_prefixed)

    # Register MCP Resources & Prompts utility tools, filtered by config and
    # only when the server actually supports the corresponding capability.
    _handler_factories = {
        "list_resources": _make_list_resources_handler,
        "read_resource": _make_read_resource_handler,
        "list_prompts": _make_list_prompts_handler,
        "get_prompt": _make_get_prompt_handler,
    }
    check_fn = _make_check_fn(name)
    for entry in _select_utility_schemas(name, server, config):
        schema = entry["schema"]
        handler_key = entry["handler_key"]
        handler = _handler_factories[handler_key](name, server.tool_timeout)
        util_name = schema["name"]

        # Same collision guard for utility tools.
        existing_toolset = registry.get_toolset_for_tool(util_name)
        if existing_toolset and not existing_toolset.startswith("mcp-"):
            logger.warning(
                "MCP server '%s': utility tool '%s' collides with built-in "
                "tool in toolset '%s' — skipping to preserve built-in",
                name, util_name, existing_toolset,
            )
            continue

        registry.register(
            name=util_name,
            toolset=toolset_name,
            schema=schema,
            handler=handler,
            check_fn=check_fn,
            is_async=False,
            description=schema["description"],
        )
        registered_names.append(util_name)

    if registered_names:
        registry.register_toolset_alias(name, toolset_name)

    return registered_names


async def _discover_and_register_server(name: str, config: dict) -> List[str]:
    """Connect to a single MCP server, discover tools, and register them.

    Returns list of registered tool names.
    """
    connect_timeout = config.get("connect_timeout", _DEFAULT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT)
    server = await asyncio.wait_for(
        _connect_server(name, config),
        timeout=connect_timeout,
    )
    with _lock:
        _servers[name] = server

    registered_names = _register_server_tools(name, server, config)
    server._registered_tool_names = list(registered_names)

    transport_type = "HTTP" if "url" in config else "stdio"
    logger.info(
        "MCP server '%s' (%s): registered %d tool(s): %s",
        name, transport_type, len(registered_names),
        ", ".join(registered_names),
    )
    return registered_names


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Public API
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

def register_mcp_servers(servers: Dict[str, dict]) -> List[str]:
    """Connect to explicit MCP servers and register their tools.

    Idempotent for already-connected server names. Servers with
    ``enabled: false`` are skipped without disconnecting existing sessions.

    Args:
        servers: Mapping of ``{server_name: server_config}``.

    Returns:
        List of all currently registered MCP tool names.
    """
    if not _MCP_AVAILABLE:
        logger.debug("MCP SDK not available -- skipping explicit MCP registration")
        return []

    if not servers:
        logger.debug("No explicit MCP servers provided")
        return []

    # Only attempt servers that aren't already connected and are enabled
    # (enabled: false skips the server entirely without removing its config)
    with _lock:
        new_servers = {
            k: v
            for k, v in servers.items()
            if k not in _servers and _parse_boolish(v.get("enabled", True), default=True)
        }

    if not new_servers:
        return _existing_tool_names()

    # Start the background event loop for MCP connections
    _ensure_mcp_loop()

    async def _discover_one(name: str, cfg: dict) -> List[str]:
        """Connect to a single server and return its registered tool names."""
        return await _discover_and_register_server(name, cfg)

    async def _discover_all():
        server_names = list(new_servers.keys())
        # Connect to all servers in PARALLEL
        results = await asyncio.gather(
            *(_discover_one(name, cfg) for name, cfg in new_servers.items()),
            return_exceptions=True,
        )
        for name, result in zip(server_names, results):
            if isinstance(result, Exception):
                command = new_servers.get(name, {}).get("command")
                logger.warning(
                    "Failed to connect to MCP server '%s'%s: %s",
                    name,
                    f" (command={command})" if command else "",
                    _format_connect_error(result),
                )

    # Per-server timeouts are handled inside _discover_and_register_server.
    # The outer timeout is generous: 120s total for parallel discovery.
    #
    # Temporarily clear the interrupt flag on the current thread so that MCP
    # discovery is never cancelled by a stale interrupt from a prior agent
    # session (executor threads get reused and may carry old interrupt state).
    from tools.interrupt import is_interrupted as _is_interrupted, set_interrupt as _set_interrupt
    _was_interrupted = _is_interrupted()
    if _was_interrupted:
        _set_interrupt(False)
    try:
        _run_on_mcp_loop(_discover_all(), timeout=120)
    finally:
        if _was_interrupted:
            _set_interrupt(True)

    # Log a summary so ACP callers get visibility into what was registered.
    with _lock:
        connected = [n for n in new_servers if n in _servers]
        new_tool_count = sum(
            len(getattr(_servers[n], "_registered_tool_names", []))
            for n in connected
        )
    failed = len(new_servers) - len(connected)
    if new_tool_count or failed:
        summary = f"MCP: registered {new_tool_count} tool(s) from {len(connected)} server(s)"
        if failed:
            summary += f" ({failed} failed)"
        logger.info(summary)

    return _existing_tool_names()


def discover_mcp_tools() -> List[str]:
    """Entry point: load config, connect to MCP servers, register tools.

    Called from ``model_tools`` after ``discover_builtin_tools()``. Safe to call even when
    the ``mcp`` package is not installed (returns empty list).

    Idempotent for already-connected servers. If some servers failed on a
    previous call, only the missing ones are retried.

    Returns:
        List of all registered MCP tool names.
    """
    if not _MCP_AVAILABLE:
        logger.debug("MCP SDK not available -- skipping MCP tool discovery")
        return []

    servers = _load_mcp_config()
    if not servers:
        logger.debug("No MCP servers configured")
        return []

    with _lock:
        new_server_names = [
            name
            for name, cfg in servers.items()
            if name not in _servers and _parse_boolish(cfg.get("enabled", True), default=True)
        ]

    tool_names = register_mcp_servers(servers)
    if not new_server_names:
        return tool_names

    with _lock:
        connected_server_names = [name for name in new_server_names if name in _servers]
        new_tool_count = sum(
            len(getattr(_servers[name], "_registered_tool_names", []))
            for name in connected_server_names
        )

    failed_count = len(new_server_names) - len(connected_server_names)
    if new_tool_count or failed_count:
        summary = f"  MCP: {new_tool_count} tool(s) from {len(connected_server_names)} server(s)"
        if failed_count:
            summary += f" ({failed_count} failed)"
        logger.info(summary)

    return tool_names


def get_mcp_status() -> List[dict]:
    """Return status of all configured MCP servers for banner display.

    Returns a list of dicts with keys: name, transport, tools, connected.
    Includes both successfully connected servers and configured-but-failed ones.
    """
    result: List[dict] = []

    # Get configured servers from config
    configured = _load_mcp_config()
    if not configured:
        return result

    with _lock:
        active_servers = dict(_servers)

    for name, cfg in configured.items():
        transport = cfg.get("transport", "http") if "url" in cfg else "stdio"
        server = active_servers.get(name)
        if server and server.session is not None:
            entry = {
                "name": name,
                "transport": transport,
                "tools": len(server._registered_tool_names) if hasattr(server, "_registered_tool_names") else len(server._tools),
                "connected": True,
            }
            if server._sampling:
                entry["sampling"] = dict(server._sampling.metrics)
            result.append(entry)
        else:
            result.append({
                "name": name,
                "transport": transport,
                "tools": 0,
                "connected": False,
            })

    return result


def probe_mcp_server_tools() -> Dict[str, List[tuple]]:
    """Temporarily connect to configured MCP servers and list their tools.

    Designed for ``hermes tools`` interactive configuration — connects to each
    enabled server, grabs tool names and descriptions, then disconnects.
    Does NOT register tools in the Hermes registry.

    Returns:
        Dict mapping server name to list of (tool_name, description) tuples.
        Servers that fail to connect are omitted from the result.
    """
    if not _MCP_AVAILABLE:
        return {}

    servers_config = _load_mcp_config()
    if not servers_config:
        return {}

    enabled = {
        k: v for k, v in servers_config.items()
        if _parse_boolish(v.get("enabled", True), default=True)
    }
    if not enabled:
        return {}

    _ensure_mcp_loop()

    result: Dict[str, List[tuple]] = {}
    probed_servers: List[MCPServerTask] = []

    async def _probe_all():
        names = list(enabled.keys())
        coros = []
        for name, cfg in enabled.items():
            ct = cfg.get("connect_timeout", _DEFAULT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT)
            coros.append(asyncio.wait_for(_connect_server(name, cfg), timeout=ct))

        outcomes = await asyncio.gather(*coros, return_exceptions=True)

        for name, outcome in zip(names, outcomes):
            if isinstance(outcome, Exception):
                logger.debug("Probe: failed to connect to '%s': %s", name, outcome)
                continue
            probed_servers.append(outcome)
            tools = []
            for t in outcome._tools:
                desc = getattr(t, "description", "") or ""
                tools.append((t.name, desc))
            result[name] = tools

        # Shut down all probed connections
        await asyncio.gather(
            *(s.shutdown() for s in probed_servers),
            return_exceptions=True,
        )

    try:
        _run_on_mcp_loop(_probe_all(), timeout=120)
    except Exception as exc:
        logger.debug("MCP probe failed: %s", exc)
    finally:
        _stop_mcp_loop()

    return result


def shutdown_mcp_servers():
    """Close all MCP server connections and stop the background loop.

    Each server Task is signalled to exit its ``async with`` block so that
    the anyio cancel-scope cleanup happens in the same Task that opened it.
    All servers are shut down in parallel via ``asyncio.gather``.
    """
    with _lock:
        servers_snapshot = list(_servers.values())

    # Fast path: nothing to shut down.
    if not servers_snapshot:
        _stop_mcp_loop()
        return

    async def _shutdown():
        results = await asyncio.gather(
            *(server.shutdown() for server in servers_snapshot),
            return_exceptions=True,
        )
        for server, result in zip(servers_snapshot, results):
            if isinstance(result, Exception):
                logger.debug(
                    "Error closing MCP server '%s': %s", server.name, result,
                )
        with _lock:
            _servers.clear()

    with _lock:
        loop = _mcp_loop
    if loop is not None and loop.is_running():
        try:
            future = asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe(_shutdown(), loop)
            future.result(timeout=15)
        except Exception as exc:
            logger.debug("Error during MCP shutdown: %s", exc)

    _stop_mcp_loop()


def _kill_orphaned_mcp_children(include_active: bool = False) -> None:
    """Best-effort graceful shutdown of stdio MCP subprocesses to reap orphans.

    Orphans are PIDs that survived their session context exit (SDK teardown
    did not terminate the process — common on Linux when stdio children escape
    the parent cgroup on cancellation). By default only entries in
    ``_orphan_stdio_pids`` are reaped so concurrent cron jobs and live user
    sessions are not disrupted.

    Sends SIGTERM, waits 2 seconds, then escalates to SIGKILL for any
    survivors, avoiding shared-resource collisions when multiple hermes
    processes run on the same host (each has its own ``_stdio_pids`` dict).

    With ``include_active=True`` also kills every PID in ``_stdio_pids`` —
    used only at final shutdown, after the MCP event loop has stopped and no
    sessions can still be in flight.
    """
    import signal as _signal
    import time as _time

    with _lock:
        pids: Dict[int, str] = {}
        for opid in _orphan_stdio_pids:
            pids[opid] = "orphan"
        _orphan_stdio_pids.clear()
        if include_active:
            pids.update(dict(_stdio_pids))
            _stdio_pids.clear()

    # Fast path: no tracked stdio PIDs to reap. Skip the SIGTERM/sleep/SIGKILL
    # dance entirely — otherwise every MCP-free shutdown pays a 2s sleep tax.
    if not pids:
        return

    # Phase 1: SIGTERM (graceful)
    for pid, server_name in pids.items():
        try:
            os.kill(pid, _signal.SIGTERM)
            logger.debug("Sent SIGTERM to orphaned MCP process %d (%s)", pid, server_name)
        except (ProcessLookupError, PermissionError, OSError):
            pass

    # Phase 2: Wait for graceful exit
    _time.sleep(2)

    # Phase 3: SIGKILL any survivors
    _sigkill = getattr(_signal, "SIGKILL", _signal.SIGTERM)
    # ``os.kill(pid, 0)`` is NOT a no-op on Windows. Use the cross-platform
    # existence check before escalating to SIGKILL.
    from gateway.status import _pid_exists
    for pid, server_name in pids.items():
        if not _pid_exists(pid):
            continue  # Good — exited after SIGTERM
        try:
            os.kill(pid, _sigkill)
            logger.warning(
                "Force-killed MCP process %d (%s) after SIGTERM timeout",
                pid, server_name,
            )
        except (ProcessLookupError, PermissionError, OSError):
            pass


def _stop_mcp_loop():
    """Stop the background event loop and join its thread."""
    global _mcp_loop, _mcp_thread
    with _lock:
        loop = _mcp_loop
        thread = _mcp_thread
        _mcp_loop = None
        _mcp_thread = None
    if loop is not None:
        loop.call_soon_threadsafe(loop.stop)
        if thread is not None:
            thread.join(timeout=5)
        try:
            loop.close()
        except Exception:
            pass
        # After closing the loop, any stdio subprocesses that survived the
        # graceful shutdown are now orphaned — include active PIDs too
        # since the loop is gone and no session can still be in flight.
        _kill_orphaned_mcp_children(include_active=True)
